Copulation: Difference between revisions

'''Copulation''' (Arabic: {{ia|الجِماع}}) is sexual intercourse between a human being and another human being or an animal. In [[Islamic jurisprudence]], the words "jima'", "muwaqa'a", "waty" and "dukhul" are used to refer to copulation. The jurisprudential rulings of copulation are incumbent when penetration of the penis has occurred – at least to the size of circumcision. The [[mujtahid|jurists]] categorize copulation into three types: [[lawful]], such as through [[marriage]]; [[forbidden]], such as in [[adultery]]; and suspicious (by mistake), and propose different rulings for each. According to their [[fatwa]], copulation, on the front or in the back, causes [[janaba]], and to be cleansed from it, the person must perform [[ghusl al-janaba]]. The prohibition of copulation between two men ([[lawat]]), two women ([[musahaqa]]), a human and an animal, as well as the [[makruh|reprehensibility]] of copulation with one’s wife from behind, are among the [[Religious rulings|rulings]] regarding copulation.

==Definition and jurisprudential significance==

In fiqh, copulation is referred to by titles such as "jima", "muwaqa'a", "waty", and "dukhul", which refer to the sexual intercourse of a human being with another human being or with an animal. The [[religious rulings|rulings]] of copulation are discussed in many parts of "fiqh", such as [[purity]], [[fasting]], [[i'tikaf]], [[hajj]], [[marriage]], [[divorce]], [[zihar]], [[ila']] and [[hudud]].<ref>Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt'', vol. 1, p. 161.</ref> Of course, these rulings are specific to the copulation in which penetration of the penis has occurred – at least to the size of circumcision.<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267.</ref>

==Types of copulation==

===Lawful copulation===

Copulation that takes place after the provision of its Islamic requirements is lawful. Religious requirements of lawful copulation are one of the following: permanent [[marriage]], [[term-based marriage]], ownership (owning a [[slave girl]]), or legalization (making sexual enjoyment of one’s slave girl lawful for another).

===Suspicious copulation===

According to the fatwa of the jurists, there is no [[hadd]] (prescribed punishment) for suspicious copulation. Also, in it, the woman must wait the [['idda]] period,<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267.</ref> and she is entitled to receive the [[dowry]].<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 2, p. 808.</ref> Of course, according to the [[author of Jawahir]], if the mistake is only on the part of the man, that is, if the woman knows that she is not [[mahram]] with him, then she is not entitled to receive "mahr al-mithl" (normal dowry).<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 32, p. 378- 379.</ref>

===Forbidden copulation===

==Janaba upon copulation==

According to the [[fatwa]] of the jurists, copulation, whether on the front or in the back, causes [[janaba]].<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267.</ref> Copulation between two men and with animals also causes "janaba".<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267-268.</ref> Copulation and becoming "junub" has [[religious rulings|rulings]]; among them, it is [[forbidden]] to touch the words of the [[Qur'an]], the name of God, and the names of [[Imams (a)]], staying in a [[mosque]] and reading the [[sura|suras]] of the Qur’an that require [[obligatory prostration]].<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 269.</ref> A person who has had copulation, if he has penetrated at least to the size of circumcision,<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267.</ref> must perform [[ghusl al-janaba]] for performing [[prayer|daily prayers]] and [[fasting]].<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 273.</ref>

==Some rulings of copulation==

According to the [[fatwa]] of [[marja'|maraji']], the rulings of copulation are incumbent when the penetration is at least to the size of circumcision.<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 267.</ref> Some of the rulings of copulation quoted from the books of [[fiqh]] are as follows:

*Copulation between two men, which is called [[lawat]], and copulation between two women, which is called "suhq" ([[musahaqa]]), are forbidden and demand prescribed punishments.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Mukhtalif al-shīʿa'', vol. 9, p. 189; Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, p. 146. </ref>

*If a man copulates with another man, it becomes forbidden to marry that man’s mother, sister, or daughter.<ref>Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 611.</ref>

*Copulation at the night and on the day when the moon or the sun is eclipsed, as well as when the sun is setting, when it is rising until sunrise, and after "ihtilam" in sleep is disliked.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī,''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 5, p. 482.</ref>

*Copulation with one’s wife causes eternal prohibition of the marriage of the husband (stepfather) with the daughters ([[rabiba]]) and granddaughters of that woman from her former and future husbands.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 29, p. 349.</ref>

* [[Masturbation]]  

* [[Ihtilam]]