Salawat: Difference between revisions
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Some effects of Salawat mentioned in hadiths are as: | Some effects of Salawat mentioned in hadiths are as: | ||
# Compensation for [[sins]], | # Compensation for [[sins]],<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.25 p.229</ref> | ||
# The most weighty deed on the [[scale of deeds]], | # The most weighty deed on the [[scale of deeds]],<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.197; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.49</ref> | ||
# Opening the gates of heaven and wiping sins, | # Opening the gates of heaven and wiping sins,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.56</ref> | ||
# Causing nearness to, and affection of God, | # Causing nearness to, and affection of God,<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.194; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.54, vol.12 p.4</ref> | ||
# Saying Salawat out loud vanishes [[hypocrisy]], | # Saying Salawat out loud vanishes [[hypocrisy]],<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.192,200; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.59</ref> | ||
# The [[angel]]s pray forgiveness for one who writes down Salawat, | # The [[angel]]s pray forgiveness for one who writes down Salawat,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.71</ref> | ||
# Fulfillment of the supplication made following to Salawat, | # Fulfillment of the supplication made following to Salawat,<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.96; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.53</ref> | ||
# Release from the fire of [[hell]], | # Release from the fire of [[hell]],<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.6 p.479; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.83 p.135, vol.91 p.58</ref> | ||
# Devoutly Salawat fulfills one's worldly and otherworldly supplications, | # Devoutly Salawat fulfills one's worldly and otherworldly supplications,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.70</ref> | ||
# Generates the Salawat of God and angels upon the person, | # Generates the Salawat of God and angels upon the person,<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.194</ref> | ||
# Banishes evil persons, | # Banishes evil persons,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.92 p.136</ref> | ||
# The best of deeds on Fridays, | # The best of deeds on Fridays,<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.381; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.56 p.27, vol.86 p.268, vol.91 p.50</ref> | ||
# Visiting the [[promised Imam (a)]], | # Visiting the [[promised Imam (a)]],<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.83 p.77, vol.86 p.363, vol.87 p.65</ref> | ||
# Opens up the gates of blessings, | # Opens up the gates of blessings,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.63</ref> | ||
# The best supplication in [[Ka'ba]], the [[house of God]], | # The best supplication in [[Ka'ba]], the [[house of God]],<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.193; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.57, vol.96 p.369</ref> | ||
# Purification of deeds, | # Purification of deeds,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.68</ref> | ||
# The lighting of [[grave]], [[al-Sirat bridge]], and [[paradise]], | # The lighting of [[grave]], [[al-Sirat bridge]], and [[paradise]],<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.79 p.64, vol.91 p.70</ref> | ||
# Nearness to the Prophet on the resurrection day, | # Nearness to the Prophet on the resurrection day,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.63</ref> | ||
# The reward of a collective call of Salawat is countless to the angels, | # The reward of a collective call of Salawat is countless to the angels,<ref>Nuri, ''Mustadrak'', vol.5 p.356</ref> | ||
# Lighting and opening of heart, | # Lighting and opening of heart,<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.199; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.36 p.419, vol.58 p.37, vol.91 p.51</ref> | ||
# One of the best deeds, | # One of the best deeds,<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.22 p.284, vol.39 p.274, vol.71 p.369, vol.91 p.70</ref> | ||
# Salawat as [[tasbih]] (rosary), [[tahlil]], and [[takbir]], | # Salawat as [[tasbih]] (rosary), [[tahlil]], and [[takbir]],<ref>'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-shi'a'', vol.7 p.194; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.91 p.74</ref> | ||
# Salawat upon | # Salawat upon [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] causes forgiveness of sins and joining the Prophet in heaven.<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.43 p.55, vol.97 p.194</ref> | ||
===The Results of Disregarding Salawat=== | ===The Results of Disregarding Salawat=== |
Revision as of 12:13, 13 April 2015
This article is under construction or in the process of or expansion. |
Ṣalawāt (صلوات) is a special Arabic phrase, containing a salutation upon the Prophet of Islam (s) , which Muslims say in the Tashahhud of ritual prayer, and also when hearing or uttering the name of Prophet Muhammad (s). In addition to the holy Quran (verse 56 of the sura al-Ahzab), many hadiths have stressed delivering this salutation.
Muslims believe that Salawat shows one's respect to the Prophet (s), and generates Divine reward in the other world, as well as positive worldly results. Besides, it has a lofty position in common Islamic culture of many countries, in which Muslims relate Salawat on various occasions as an expression of happiness in festivals, or a blessed and auspicious start for their works.
The most common phrase for Salawat among Shi'a is; 'اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد (O Allah, May you grant peace and honor on Muhammad and his family).'
Literal and Terminological Meaning
Salawat is the plural form of "Salat", and from the root of "S-L-W", meaning prayer, salutation, greeting, and mercy. "Salat", the singular form of "Salawat", also means the ritual prayer, and it is called so since it includes some prayers, and thus "Salawat" has a plural meaning in Arabic, and means ritual prayers, prayers (in general), or salutations.[1] In Persian though, it is not regarded as a plural word, but it has rather assumed a terminological meaning of the special salutation upon the Prophet (s) and his family.
Arabic philologists have mentioned that when used as salutation and greeting, the meaning of the word "Salat" would vary according to who has used the word, and to whom it is used for. For instance; "Salat" of the Prophet (s) upon believers is a prayer for their welfare, blessing, and salvation, "Salat" of angels upon one means that they implore forgiveness and blessing for him, "Salat" of believers upon Muhammad (s) shows their praise and respect for him,[2] "Salat" of God upon the Prophet (s) is to grant His blessings to him, and that of angels means that they implore God's blessings for him.[3]
As a religious term, "Salawat" is used for a special salutation upon the Prophet (s), and its common form among Shi'a is; 'اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد'. Though a plural word in Arabic, "Salawat" is used as a singular word in Persian, meaning this special salutation upon the Prophet (s).
Variants and Different Phrases of Salawat
The most common phrase of Salawat among Shi'a is; اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد (O Allah, May you grant peace and honor on Muhammad and his family). All Islamic denominations are consent to "O Allah, May you grant peace and honor on Muhammad" as the main phrase of Salawat, but there are conflicts about the following phrase. Unlike Sunnis, Shi'as often attach the following phrase; "and his family", adducing many hadiths in Shi'a and Sunni sources, in which it is suggested that a complete Salawat contains the following phrase. For instance it is narrated that the Prophet (s) said to a man who asked about Salawat; 'Say, 'O Allah, May you grant peace and honor on Muhammad and his family, so as You granted peace and honor on the dynasty of Ibrahim, verily You are the Laudable, the Glorious. O Allah, May you grant blessing on Muhammad and his family, so as You granted blessing on Ibrahim, verily You are the Laudable, the Glorious'.[4]
Some hadiths state that Salawat is complete but with the following phrase.[5] Also some hadiths reported from Ahl al-Bayt stress that Salawat upon the holy Prophet (s) should accompany Salawat upon his family, such as a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that such phrases Salawat; 'May be on Muhammad and his family the salutations of Allah, and his angels, his prophets, and all his creatures, and Greetings be upon him and his family, along with Allah's mercy and blessing'.[6] It is also narrated that Salawat upon the Prophet (s) is recorded as a hundred good deeds, while a Salawat upon him and his family is recorded as a thousand.[7]
Furthermore, as suggested by several hadiths narrated from Ahl al-Bayt, some Shi'as, especially in Iran, utter the phrase; "و عجل فرجهم (and may You hasten their glad advent)", following to Salawat.[8]
The Significance and Merits of Salawat
According to some hadiths, the prophets preceding his highness Muhammad (s) would utter Salawat. As stated in a hadith, Salawat promoted Ibrahim (a) to higher spiritual degrees.[9] It is narrated from the Prophet (s) that; 'Whoever sends Salawat upon me, the angels would send him Salawat, many or few, just as he does.[10]' As stated in some other hadiths, among them a hadith narrated from Imam al-Rida (a), Salawat wipes out one's sins.[11]
Salawat in Quran
In addition to stating that God and His angels send Salawat upon the Prophet (s), holy Quran commands believers to do the same; 'Indeed Allah and His angels send blessings on the Prophet. O you that believe! Send your blessings on him, and salute him with all respect' (33:56).
Salawat in Ritual Prayers
Salawat is a compulsory dhikr in the ritual prayers, and every Muslim is obliged to utter Salawat in the tashahud of his daily prayers, and salute the Prophet (s) and his family with the special phrase. According to reliable hadiths, deliberate abandonment of this Salawat invalidates the prayer.[12]
In Hadiths
In relation to Salawat, many divine and worldly rewards are mentioned in hadith sources, in many which there are separate chapters in regard to Salawat and its features and significance. It is reported in al-Kafi, the most reliable hadith source of Shi'a, that:
Whoever sends ten Salawats upon Muhammad and his family, God and His angels will send him a hundred salutations, and whoever sends a hundred Salawats upon Muhammad and his family, God and His angels will send him a thousand.[13]
In his book Wasa'il al-Shi'a, Shaykh Hurr al-'Amili (and also in the epilog of this book called Mustadrak al-wasa'il, by Mirza Hussayn Nuri) has compiled several chapters titled as; the character of Salawat,[14] saying Salawat out loud,[15] and so forth. Also al-'Allama al-Majlisi has reported 67 hadiths in the chapter of; the merits of Salawat upon the Prophet and his family, in his book Bihar al-anwar, which is the greatest hadith source of Shi'a.[16]
In the sixth chapter of the first volume of Kanz al-'ummal, which is a Sunni hadith collection, 119 hadiths are narrated in regard to Salawat and its significance and virtues.
Some effects of Salawat mentioned in hadiths are as:
- Compensation for sins,[17]
- The most weighty deed on the scale of deeds,[18]
- Opening the gates of heaven and wiping sins,[19]
- Causing nearness to, and affection of God,[20]
- Saying Salawat out loud vanishes hypocrisy,[21]
- The angels pray forgiveness for one who writes down Salawat,[22]
- Fulfillment of the supplication made following to Salawat,[23]
- Release from the fire of hell,[24]
- Devoutly Salawat fulfills one's worldly and otherworldly supplications,[25]
- Generates the Salawat of God and angels upon the person,[26]
- Banishes evil persons,[27]
- The best of deeds on Fridays,[28]
- Visiting the promised Imam (a),[29]
- Opens up the gates of blessings,[30]
- The best supplication in Ka'ba, the house of God,[31]
- Purification of deeds,[32]
- The lighting of grave, al-Sirat bridge, and paradise,[33]
- Nearness to the Prophet on the resurrection day,[34]
- The reward of a collective call of Salawat is countless to the angels,[35]
- Lighting and opening of heart,[36]
- One of the best deeds,[37]
- Salawat as tasbih (rosary), tahlil, and takbir,[38]
- Salawat upon Fatima al-Zahra (a) causes forgiveness of sins and joining the Prophet in heaven.[39]
The Results of Disregarding Salawat
- One who does not send Salawat upon the Prophet when hearing his name is regarded as miser, cruel, and remorseful on the resurrection day.
- A supplication which is not preceded by Salawat would be restrained from ascending to heaven and fulfillment.
Incomplete Salawat
Several hadiths are narrated from the Prophet (s) in which he said; 'perfect your Salawat upon me with the Salawat upon my dynasty. A Salawat upon me is incomplete but with a salutation upon my family.' Also in some hadiths, one who does not send Salawat upon the family of the Prophet is represented as distant from heaven and a violator of their right.
Special Occasions
Salawat is recommended in many occasions. As stated in a hadith, Salawat is desirable in any occasion.[40] Some important occasions are as:
- When God is mentioned: it is recommended that when God is mentioned, Salawat should be sent upon Muhammad and his family.[41]
- Following to ritual prayer: according to reliable hadiths, Salawat is of the most important dhikrs after ritual prayers, so as it is included in the three common prayers that are recommended after all ritual prayers. In the follow-ups particular to the Morning Prayer, it is recommended to say a hundred Salawats. It is also desirable to say the verse of Salawat as a follow-up to Maqrib Prayer.[42] A common tradition in Shi'a mosques is that following to each ritual prayer, the verse of Salawat is recited, and then the prayers send three Salawats upon Muhammad and his family.
- Following to a speech: as reported by some hadiths, sending Salawat after giving a speech is very desirable and effective.[43]
- After any prayer: it is recommended to include Salawat in the late phrases of any prayer, and according to some hadiths, it causes the fulfillment of the supplication.[44]
- Before other prophets: it is stated in some hadiths that, when mentioning the prophets of God, before sending a salutation upon them, a Salawat ought to be sent upon Muhammad and his family.[45]
- To recall what is forgotten: according to some hadiths, Salawat is an influential dhikr to recall what is forgotten, provided that it is completed by a Salawat upon the Prophet's (s) family.[46]
Recitation of Salawat
Recitation of Salawat means to send a certain number of Salawats, e.g. 100 or 14000 Salawats (a thousand for each of the fourteen infallibles). These numbers are not rooted in Quran or hadith sources, and are more generated from the recommendations of scholars or various cultures. Today, in some Shi'a communities, meetings are held as recitation of Salawat, and they are mostly held for a special supplication to be granted. In the book, 'Athar va barakat Salawat (the influences and blessings of Salawat)', a separate chapter is devoted to various methods of Salawat recitation. None of these methods are attributed to hadith sources.
Notes
- ↑ Turayhi, Majma' al-bahrayn, vol.1 p.266
- ↑ Farahidi, al-'Ayn, vol.7 p.153
- ↑ Turayhi, Majma' al-bahrayn, vol.1 p.266
- ↑ Suyuti, al-Durr al-manthur, vol.5 p.214
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.196
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.197
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.5 p.96
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194
- ↑ Saduq, Man la yahduruhu al-faqiq, vol.2 p.183
- ↑ Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol.2 p.493
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.196
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.193
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.47-73
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.25 p.229
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.197; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.49
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.56
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.54, vol.12 p.4
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.192,200; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.59
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.71
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.96; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.53
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.6 p.479; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.83 p.135, vol.91 p.58
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.70
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.92 p.136
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.381; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.56 p.27, vol.86 p.268, vol.91 p.50
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.83 p.77, vol.86 p.363, vol.87 p.65
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.63
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.193; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.57, vol.96 p.369
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.68
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.79 p.64, vol.91 p.70
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.63
- ↑ Nuri, Mustadrak, vol.5 p.356
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.36 p.419, vol.58 p.37, vol.91 p.51
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.22 p.284, vol.39 p.274, vol.71 p.369, vol.91 p.70
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.194; Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.91 p.74
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol.43 p.55, vol.97 p.194
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.201
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.201
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.5 p.96
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199
- ↑ 'Amili, Wasa'il al-shi'a, vol.7 p.199
References
External Links
- The material for this article is mainly taken from معاد in Farsi Wikishia.