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Fadak: Difference between revisions
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===Economy and Climate=== | ===Economy and Climate=== | ||
During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income. It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]; it is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms in the world. When 'Umar b. Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them 50 thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews. | During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income. It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]; it is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms in the world. When 'Umar b. al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them 50 thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews. | ||
Fadak was undeniably a fertile land, but its annual income is unknown. According to a number of sources, Fadak produced an annual income of 24 to 70 thousand Dinars at the time of Prophet Muhammad (s). As estimated by researchers, the income achieved from Fadak could easily cover the expenses of [[Banu Hashim]], so they would not need financial support from the government or caliphate. | Fadak was undeniably a fertile land, but its annual income is unknown. According to a number of sources, Fadak produced an annual income of 24 to 70 thousand Dinars at the time of Prophet Muhammad (s). As estimated by researchers, the income achieved from Fadak could easily cover the expenses of [[Banu Hashim]], so they would not need financial support from the government or caliphate. | ||
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==Confiscation of Fadak in the Time of Three Caliphs== | ==Confiscation of Fadak in the Time of Three Caliphs== | ||
{{Main|Confiscation of Fadak}} | {{Main|Confiscation of Fadak}} | ||
After the event of [[Saqifa]], Abu Bakr took over the caliphate and seized Fadak as if it was state property. Then [[Lady Fatima (a)]] reacted to this event, and they had a discussion about Fadak which is narrated in historical sources in different fashion. As it is narrated, Lady Fatima (a) claimed Fadak was her rightful property, as it was a gift given by her father Prophet Muhammad (s). [[Abu Bakr]] said, "I have heard Prophet Muhammad (s) saying that, we, prophets, do not leave any inheritance behind and what is left is charity." Then Lady Fatima (a) responded, "Fadak was given to me as a gift by my father, Prophet (s)." So Abu Bakr asked her to prove it. According to several narrations, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) and Umm Ayman approved Lady Fatima (a) was right. As a result Abu Bakr accepted their claim and documented Fadak as property of Lady Fatima (a). However, it is said after [['Umar b. Khattab]] found out about the document, he tore it to pieces. | After the event of [[Saqifa]], Abu Bakr took over the caliphate and seized Fadak as if it was state property. Then [[Lady Fatima (a)]] reacted to this event, and they had a discussion about Fadak which is narrated in historical sources in different fashion. As it is narrated, Lady Fatima (a) claimed Fadak was her rightful property, as it was a gift given by her father Prophet Muhammad (s). [[Abu Bakr]] said, "I have heard Prophet Muhammad (s) saying that, we, prophets, do not leave any inheritance behind and what is left is charity." Then Lady Fatima (a) responded, "Fadak was given to me as a gift by my father, Prophet (s)." So Abu Bakr asked her to prove it. According to several narrations, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) and Umm Ayman approved Lady Fatima (a) was right. As a result Abu Bakr accepted their claim and documented Fadak as property of Lady Fatima (a). However, it is said after [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] found out about the document, he tore it to pieces. | ||
According to other narrations, after 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) and Umm Ayman came to Abu Bakr to provide evidence for Fadak as property of Lady Fatima (a), the caliph did not accept them and refused to give it back to Lady Fatima (a). Then she went among companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) and delivered [[Al-Khutba al-Fadakiyya]] (Sermon of Fadakiyya) in which she claimed Fadak was a gift given to her by Prophet (s), although again, the caliph refused to return it. | According to other narrations, after 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) and Umm Ayman came to Abu Bakr to provide evidence for Fadak as property of Lady Fatima (a), the caliph did not accept them and refused to give it back to Lady Fatima (a). Then she went among companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) and delivered [[Al-Khutba al-Fadakiyya]] (Sermon of Fadakiyya) in which she claimed Fadak was a gift given to her by Prophet (s), although again, the caliph refused to return it. | ||
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As sources mentioned, at the time of demise of Prophet Muhammad (s), Fadak was owned and managed by Lady Fatima (a), as she appointed agents and workers there. According to historians, this proves Fadak was property of Lady Fatima (a). | As sources mentioned, at the time of demise of Prophet Muhammad (s), Fadak was owned and managed by Lady Fatima (a), as she appointed agents and workers there. According to historians, this proves Fadak was property of Lady Fatima (a). | ||
Fadak was still seized as state property in the time of the second caliph, [['Umar b. Khattab]]. Then [['Uthman]], the third caliph, gave it to [[Marwan b. Hakam]]. It also remained under the control of Marwan, in the time of caliphate of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) until the end of [[Umayyad dynasty]]. | Fadak was still seized as state property in the time of the second caliph, [['Umar b. al-Khattab]]. Then [['Uthman]], the third caliph, gave it to [[Marwan b. Hakam]]. It also remained under the control of Marwan, in the time of caliphate of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) until the end of [[Umayyad dynasty]]. | ||
According to [[Sunni]] sources, income achieved from Fadak was used for the needy of [[Banu Hashim]] and travelers in need until the rule of 'Uthman, the third caliph, when Fadak was again seized from Lady Fatima (a). They mentioned the words of Prophet Muhammad (s) saying Fadak was the source for helping Banu Hashim, but Umayyad dynasty ordered to stop giving the income to Banu Hashim. | According to [[Sunni]] sources, income achieved from Fadak was used for the needy of [[Banu Hashim]] and travelers in need until the rule of 'Uthman, the third caliph, when Fadak was again seized from Lady Fatima (a). They mentioned the words of Prophet Muhammad (s) saying Fadak was the source for helping Banu Hashim, but Umayyad dynasty ordered to stop giving the income to Banu Hashim. | ||
===Analysis of Fadak=== | ===Analysis of Fadak=== | ||
[[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] in his book, ''Fadak fi l-tarikh,'' (Fadak in history) discusses the raising of the topic of Fadak by Fatima (a) as a political move which represents opposition of Islam and belief against disbelievers and hypocrites. He believes that Fadak is a symbol of a significant goal and a full-scale revolution against the government of that time which was founded in Saqifa by three people: [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. Khattab]] and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]]. If Lady Fatima (a) was willing to reclaim Fadak as her heritage, she could have certainly brought a number of Shi'a Muslims in order to testify for her. According to the analysis presented by Baqir al-Sadr, Lady Fatima (a) manifested her opposition to the government in six stages: | [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] in his book, ''Fadak fi l-tarikh,'' (Fadak in history) discusses the raising of the topic of Fadak by Fatima (a) as a political move which represents opposition of Islam and belief against disbelievers and hypocrites. He believes that Fadak is a symbol of a significant goal and a full-scale revolution against the government of that time which was founded in Saqifa by three people: [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]]. If Lady Fatima (a) was willing to reclaim Fadak as her heritage, she could have certainly brought a number of Shi'a Muslims in order to testify for her. According to the analysis presented by Baqir al-Sadr, Lady Fatima (a) manifested her opposition to the government in six stages: | ||
# Sending her representative to Abu Bakr asking her inheritance (including Fadak and other things) and implying that Fadak was a part of her inheritance before saying that the Prophet (s) gave it to her as a gift; | # Sending her representative to Abu Bakr asking her inheritance (including Fadak and other things) and implying that Fadak was a part of her inheritance before saying that the Prophet (s) gave it to her as a gift; | ||