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{{about|'''the land of Fadak'''|other usages of ''' | {{about|'''the land of Fadak'''|other usages of '''Fadak'''|Fadak (disambiguation)}} | ||
'''Fadak''' (Arabic: {{ia|فدك}}) a village in [[Hijaz]], | [[File:نخلستان خشکشده فدک.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Remainings of the date palm fields of Fadak]] | ||
'''Fadak''' (Arabic: {{ia|فدك}}) is a village in [[Hijaz]], which had lush gardens with date palm trees located near [[Khaybar]]. After [[Muslims]] conquered Khaybar castles, based on a peace treaty, half of the gardens and farming fields were given to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] by the [[Jews]]. As Fadak was conquered in peace, according to the [[Qur'an]] it was particularly owned by Prophet Muhammad (s). As ordered by the Prophet (s), the revenue from Fadak was given to the poor, particularly the needy of [[Banu Hashim]]. According to historical reports, after some time Prophet Muhammad (s) gave Fadak to [[Lady Fatima (a)]] as a gift. After the demise of Prophet (s), [[Abu Bakr]] confiscated Fadak. The [[al-Fadakiyya Sermon]] was delivered by Lady Fatima (a) in order to complain about this incident, and Abu Bakr refused to give it back to Lady Fatima (a). For many centuries, the garden of Fadak was frequently given back to and retaken from the descendants of Lady Fatima (a). Today, Fadak is located in a city called al-Ha'it. | |||
==Location and Situation== | ==Location and Situation== | ||
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Today Fadak is located in the city of al-Ha'it, which consisted of 21 villages by 1975. According to reports, in 2010, about 14,000 people live there. | Today Fadak is located in the city of al-Ha'it, which consisted of 21 villages by 1975. According to reports, in 2010, about 14,000 people live there. | ||
During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income. It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]-which is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms. When 'Umar b. al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them 50 thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews. | During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income. It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]-which is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms. When 'Umar b. al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them 50 thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews. | ||
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==Battle of Khaybar== | ==Battle of Khaybar== | ||
After conspiracy by the Jews against | {{main|Battle of Khaybar}} | ||
After conspiracy by the Jews against Muslims in the [[Battle of Khandaq|Battle of Trench]] where Muslims defeated their opponents, Prophet Muhammad (s) ordered his forces to attack Khaybar and defeat the Jews. | |||
After the conquest of [[Khaybar]], Jews surrendered to | After the conquest of [[Khaybar]], Jews surrendered to Muslims. When the Jewish people of Fadak were informed about their defeat to the Muslim forces, they were afraid of a probable attack to Fadak; therefore, they sent their representative to Prophet Muhammad (s) in order to negotiate and make [[peace]] with Muslims. | ||
According to their peace treaty Jews were supposed to give half of their gardens and fields of Fadak to [[Prophet (s)]] in exchange for permission to continue their life in Fadak. It also guaranteed safety and security for the rest of their properties and lands. | According to their peace treaty Jews were supposed to give half of their gardens and fields of Fadak to [[Prophet (s)]] in exchange for permission to continue their life in Fadak. It also guaranteed safety and security for the rest of their properties and lands. | ||
As [[ | As [[Muslim]]s did not attend the conquest of Fadak, according to the order of [[Qur'an|the Holy Quran]], Fadak was owned specifically by Prophet Muhammad (s). As dictated in the [[Quran]], the properties achieved for Muslims, in which they did not fight for, are owned only by Prophet (s). Such properties are called [[fay']] which belong to Prophet Muhammad (s) and he can transfer the ownership or control of such properties to whomever he decides. | ||
The Holy Prophet (s) would give away the income achieved from Fadak to [[Banu Hashim]], the poor, and travelers in need of support. Subsequently, he (s) gave Fadak to Lady Fatima (a). | The Holy Prophet (s) would give away the income achieved from Fadak to [[Banu Hashim]], the poor, and travelers in need of support. Subsequently, he (s) gave Fadak to Lady Fatima (a). | ||
Some Shiite and Sunni exegetes believe that following the [[revelation]] of the verse 26 of [[ | Some Shiite and Sunni exegetes believe that following the [[revelation]] of the verse 26 of [[Sura al-Isra']] (17){{enote|{{ia|وَآتِ ذَا القُربىٰ حَقَّهُ وَالمِسكينَ وَابنَ السَّبيلِ وَلا تُبَذِّر تَبذيرًا}}: Give the relatives their [due] right, and the needy and the traveler [as well], but do not squander wastefully. (Qur'an 17:26)}}, Prophet Muhammad (s) gave Fadak to Lady Fatima (a). | ||
== | ==Usurpation after the demise of Prophet (s)== | ||
{{Main|Usurpation of Fadak}} | {{Main|Usurpation of Fadak}} | ||
The fame of Fadak among Shi'a is due to an event which took place after the [[demise of the Prophet (s)]]. In this event, [[Abu Bakr]] took Fadak from [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and confiscated it for the [[caliphate]]. Abu Bakr argued that the [[Prophets]] do not leave [[inheritance | The fame of Fadak among Shi'a is due to an event which took place after the [[demise of the Prophet (s)]]. In this event, [[Abu Bakr]] took Fadak from [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and confiscated it for the [[caliphate]]. Abu Bakr argued that the [[Prophets]] do not leave [[inheritance]] as he had heard it from the Prophet (s). But, Lady Fatima (a) mentioned that Abu Bakr's argument was against the Qur'an and took [[Imam Ali (a)]] and [[Umm Ayman]] as [[witnesse]]s that the Prophet (s) had gifted Fadak to her before his demise (and Fadak was not an inheritance). Abu Bakr accepted that and wrote a handwriting that no one should encroaches on it. When Lady Fatima (a) exited the meeting, [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] saw her, took the handwriting and torn it. As Imam Ali's (a) petition was rejected, Lady Fatima (a) went to the [[mosque]] and gave [[al-Fadakiyya sermon]]. | ||
==Ownership in Different Periods== | |||
After the [[first three caliphs]], Fadak was in the hands of caliphs during the time of [[Umayyads]] and [['Abbasids]] and only in some periods, was given to the descendants of Lady Fatima (a): | |||
# Rule of [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] | |||
# Rule of [[Abu al-'Abbas Saffah]] | |||
# Rule of [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]]-according to some accounts [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]'s request for Fadak was rejected by al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi. | |||
# Rule of [[Ma'mun]] | |||
After Ma'mun, [[al-Mutawakkil]] ordered to change Fadak's ownership to the condition before the order of al-Ma'mun. Most historical books have not mentioned anything about Fadak after the caliphate of al-Ma'mun. | |||
When Ma'mun (ruled [[198 – 218 AH]]) decided to return Fadak to descendants of Lady Fatima (a), many oppositions arose. Thus, he invited 200 of prominent scholars of his time and asked them to mention their opinions about Fadak's ownership. After the presentation of ideas, the conclusion of the meeting was that Fadak belonged to [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and needed to return to its original inheritors. The insistence of objectors made Ma'mun hold another meeting with more scholars from around the Islamic world. The result of this session was similar to the result of the first meeting. Therefore, in [[210 | When al-Ma'mun (ruled [[198 – 218 AH]]) decided to return Fadak to descendants of Lady Fatima (a), many oppositions arose. Thus, he invited 200 of prominent scholars of his time and asked them to mention their opinions about Fadak's ownership. After the presentation of ideas, the conclusion of the meeting was that Fadak belonged to [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and needed to return to its original inheritors. The insistence of objectors made al-Ma'mun hold another meeting with more scholars from around the Islamic world. The result of this session was similar to the result of the first meeting. Therefore, in [[210]]/825-26, he wrote to the governor of [[Medina]], Qutham b. Ja'far, to return Fadak to children of Lady Fatima (a). | ||
==Today's Condition== | ==Today's Condition== | ||
Fadak is today located in Ha'it province of [[Saudi Arabia]]. According to a report (in 2008), the region of Fadak is known as "Wadi Fatima | Fadak is today located in Ha'it province of [[Saudi Arabia]]. According to a report (in 2008), the region of Fadak is known as "Wadi Fatima" and its palm gardens are known as "Bustan Fatima". Also, there are a [[mosque]] and wells in this area which are called "Masjid Fatima" and "'Uyun Fatima". Houses and towers of this area are turned to ruins and most palm trees have died. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* The material for writing this article has been mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:فدک|فدک]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | * The material for writing this article has been mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:فدک|فدک]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
{{Template:Saudi Arabia}} | {{Template:Saudi Arabia}} | ||
{{Template:Lady Fatima (a)}} | {{Template:Lady Fatima (a)}} | ||
[[fa:فدک]] | [[fa:فدک]] | ||
[[ar:فدك]] | [[ar:فدك]] | ||
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[[de:Fadak]] | [[de:Fadak]] | ||
[[id:Fadak]] | [[id:Fadak]] | ||
<onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | ||
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[[Category:Historical places of Arabia]] | [[Category:Historical places of Arabia]] | ||