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[[File:Land of fadak 2.png|280px|thumb|Land of Fadak {{coord|25.978525|40.470125|display=title}}]] | [[File:Land of fadak 2.png|280px|thumb|Land of Fadak {{coord|25.978525|40.470125|display=title}}]] | ||
'''Fadak''' (Arabic: {{ia|فدك}}) is a village in [[Hijaz]], which had lush gardens with date palm trees which was conquered by Muslims after the [[Battle of Khaybar]]. | '''Fadak''' (Arabic: {{ia|فدك}}) is a village in [[Hijaz]], which had lush gardens with date palm trees which was conquered by Muslims after the [[Battle of Khaybar]]. | ||
The notability of Fadak is because of the quarrel between [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and [[Abu Bakr]] over its ownership, after the [[demise of Prophet (s)]]. After Abu Bakr reached [[caliphate]] he confiscated Fadak which was gifted to Lady Fatima (a) by the [[Prophet (s)]]. After Lady Fatima (a) gave evidence, Abu Bakr admitted that he was wrong and wrote a handwriting that no one should encroach on it. But [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] took the handwriting and tore it. In the [[al-Fadakiyya Sermon]] Lady Fatima (a) complained about this incident. | The notability of Fadak is because of the quarrel between [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and [[Abu Bakr]] over its ownership, after the [[demise of Prophet (s)]]. After Abu Bakr reached [[caliphate]] he confiscated Fadak, which was gifted to Lady Fatima (a) by the [[Prophet (s)]]. After Lady Fatima (a) gave evidence, Abu Bakr admitted that he was wrong and wrote a handwriting that no one should encroach on it. But [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] took the handwriting and tore it. In the [[al-Fadakiyya Sermon]] Lady Fatima (a) complained about this incident. | ||
During the time of the [[Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] this area was in the hands of the caliphs. Yet, some of these caliphs, including [[Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] and [[al-Ma'mun]], returned it to the descendants of Lady Fatima (a), but the subsequent caliphs seized them. Today, Fadak is located in a city called al-Hait. | During the time of the [[Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]], this area was in the hands of the caliphs. Yet, some of these caliphs, including [[Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] and [[al-Ma'mun]], returned it to the descendants of Lady Fatima (a), but the subsequent caliphs seized them. Today, Fadak is located in a city called al-Hait. | ||
==Location and Situation== | ==Location and Situation== | ||
Fadak is located in Hijaz, 160 Km from [[Medina]].<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 4, p. 238.</ref> Although it is situated in the | Fadak is located in Hijaz, 160 Km from [[Medina]].<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 4, p. 238.</ref> Although it is situated in the drylands of al-Harra, it is covered with date palms and provided land for gardens and farming. In the early Islamic period, [[Jews]] resided there.<ref>Balādī, ''Muʿjam maʿālim al-ḥijāz'', vol. 2, p. 205-206; vol. 7, p. 23.</ref> The Shamrukh castle was located near Fadak, which was strategically regarded as the main military base for the Jews.<ref>Subḥānī, "Ḥawādith-i sāl-i haftum-i hijrat", p. 14.</ref> Reports state that the Jewish people were living there until the time of [[Umar b. al-Khattab]], the second caliph, who ordered them to evacuate the region.<ref>Marjānī, ''Bahjat al-nufūs'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | ||
Today Fadak is located in the city of al-Ha'it,<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Āthār-i Islāmi-yi Mecca wa Medina'', p. 396.</ref> which consisted of twenty one villages by 1975. According to reports, in 2010, about 14,000 people live there. | Today Fadak is located in the city of al-Ha'it,<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Āthār-i Islāmi-yi Mecca wa Medina'', p. 396.</ref> which consisted of twenty-one villages by 1975. According to reports, in 2010, about 14,000 people live there. | ||
During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 4, p. 238.</ref> It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]-which is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 236.</ref> When Umar b. al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them fifty thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews.<ref>Jawharī al-Baṣrī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 98.</ref> | During the emergence of [[Islam]], the fertile soil and rich water sources allowed Fadak to be rich in date palms and other gardens. As a result, Fadak was a productive and fruitful land with profitable income.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 4, p. 238.</ref> It is said the date palms of Fadak are worth the same as date palms of [[Kufa]]-which is well-known for its extensive cultivation of date palms.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 236.</ref> When Umar b. al-Khattab decided to expel the Jews, he paid them fifty thousand Dirhams (old currency of Hijaz) for the remaining half of Fadak, which was owned by the Jews.<ref>Jawharī al-Baṣrī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 98.</ref> | ||
Fadak was undeniably a fertile land, but its annual income is unknown. According to a number of sources, Fadak produced an annual income of twenty four to seventy thousand Dinars at the time of Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Quṭb al-Rāwandī, ''al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ'', vol. 1, p. 113.</ref> As estimated by researchers, the income achieved from Fadak could easily cover the expenses of [[Banu Hashim]], so they would not need financial support from the government or caliphate. | Fadak was undeniably a fertile land, but its annual income is unknown. According to a number of sources, Fadak produced an annual income of twenty-four to seventy thousand Dinars at the time of Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Quṭb al-Rāwandī, ''al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ'', vol. 1, p. 113.</ref> As estimated by researchers, the income achieved from Fadak could easily cover the expenses of [[Banu Hashim]], so they would not need financial support from the government or caliphate. | ||
{{Shi'a-Vertical}} | {{Shi'a-Vertical}} | ||
==Battle of Khaybar== | ==Battle of Khaybar== | ||
{{main|Battle of Khaybar}} | {{main|Battle of Khaybar}} | ||
After the [[Battle of Khandaq]] where Muslims defeated their opponents. The Jewish people of Fadak sent their representative to Prophet Muhammad (s) | After the [[Battle of Khandaq]] where Muslims defeated their opponents. The Jewish people of Fadak sent their representative to Prophet Muhammad (s) to negotiate and make [[peace]] with Muslims. According to their peace treaty, Jews were supposed to give half of their gardens and fields of Fadak to [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ'', vol. 1, p. 325.</ref> As dictated in the [[Quran]], the properties achieved for Muslims, in which they did not fight for, are owned only by Prophet (s). Such properties are called [[fay']] which belong to Prophet Muhammad (s) and he can transfer the ownership or control of such properties to whomever he decides.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Mafātīḥ al-ghayb'', vol. 29, p. 506; Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 19, p. 203.</ref> The Holy Prophet (s) would give away the income achieved from Fadak to [[Banu Hashim]], the poor, and travellers in need of support. Subsequently, he (s) gave Fadak to Lady Fatima (a). Following the [[revelation]] of verse 26 of [[Quran 17]]{{enote|{{ia|وَآتِ ذَا القُربىٰ حَقَّهُ وَالمِسكينَ وَابنَ السَّبيلِ وَلا تُبَذِّر تَبذيرًا}}: Give the relatives their [due] right, and the needy and the traveller [as well], but do not squander wastefully. (Qur'an 17:26)}}, Prophet Muhammad (s) gave Fadak to Lady Fatima (a).<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 2, p. 287; Ḥusaynī Jalālī, ''Fadak wa l-ʿawālī'', p. 141; Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 2, p. 18, Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 216; Suyūtī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 2, p. 158; vol. 5, p. 273; Qundūzī, ''Yanābīʿ al-mawadda'', p. 138, 359.</ref> | ||
==Usurpation after the Demise of the Prophet (s)== | ==Usurpation after the Demise of the Prophet (s)== | ||
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After al-Ma'mun, [[al-Mutawakkil]] ordered to change Fadak's ownership to the condition before the order of al-Ma'mun. Most historical books have not mentioned anything about Fadak after the caliphate of al-Ma'mun. | After al-Ma'mun, [[al-Mutawakkil]] ordered to change Fadak's ownership to the condition before the order of al-Ma'mun. Most historical books have not mentioned anything about Fadak after the caliphate of al-Ma'mun. | ||
[[File:نخلستان خشکشده فدک.jpg|220px|thumb|Dried palm trees of Fadak]] | [[File:نخلستان خشکشده فدک.jpg|220px|thumb|Dried palm trees of Fadak]] | ||
When al-Ma'mun (ruled 198/813-14 – 218/833) decided to return Fadak to descendants of Lady Fatima (a), many oppositions arose. Thus, he invited two hundred | When al-Ma'mun (ruled 198/813-14 – 218/833) decided to return Fadak to descendants of Lady Fatima (a), many oppositions arose. Thus, he invited two hundred prominent scholars of his time and asked them to mention their opinions about Fadak's ownership. After the presentation of ideas, the meeting concluded that Fadak belonged to [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and needed to return to its original inheritors. The insistence of objectors made al-Ma'mun hold another meeting with more scholars from around the Islamic world. The result of this session was similar to the result of the first meeting. Therefore, in [[210]]/825-26, he wrote to the governor of [[Medina]], Qutham b. Ja'far, to return Fadak to children of Lady Fatima (a).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', vol. 1, p. 37-38; Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 4, p. 240.</ref> | ||
==Current Condition== | ==Current Condition== | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Al-Fadakiyya Sermon]] | * [[Al-Fadakiyya Sermon]] | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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*Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1417 AH. | *Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1417 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Saudi Arabia}} | |||
{{ | {{Lady Fatima (a)}} | ||
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[[fa:فدک]] | [[fa:فدک]] | ||