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==Lexicology and Quranic usage== | ==Lexicology and Quranic usage== | ||
The plural form of the word "siddiq" is "siddiqun". "Siddiq" in terms of the Arabic grammar is an exaggerative form from the root "s-d-q" ({{ia|ص-د-ق}}), meaning a person who always exhibits "sidq" (Arabic: {{ia|الصدق}}) that is, truth or honesty. | The plural form of the word "siddiq" is "siddiqun". "Siddiq" in terms of the Arabic grammar is an exaggerative form from the root "s-d-q" ({{ia|ص-د-ق}}), meaning a person who always exhibits "sidq" (Arabic: {{ia|الصدق}}) that is, truth or honesty.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 10, p. 193-194.</ref> | ||
In the [[Qur'an]], the single form of "siddiq" has been used four times and its plural form was used two times. [[Ibrahim (a)]] and [[Idris (a)]] have been characterized in the Quran as "siddiq", and [[Maryam (a)]] (St Mary the Virgin) has been characterized as "siddiqa" (the female form of "siddiq"). In [[hadiths]], [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] has been characterized as "Siddiq" and [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] as "Siddiqa" or "al-Siddiqa al-Kubra". | In the [[Qur'an]], the single form of "siddiq" has been used four times and its plural form was used two times.<ref>''al-Muʿjam al-mufahris'', p. 406.</ref>.<ref>Qur'an 4:69.</ref> [[Ibrahim (a)]]<ref>Qur'an 19:41; And mention in the Book Abraham. Indeed, he was a truthful man and a prophet.</ref> and [[Idris (a)]]<ref>Qur'an 19:56; And mention in the Book Idrees. Indeed, he was a truthful one and a prophet.</ref> have been characterized in the Quran as "siddiq", and [[Maryam (a)]] (St Mary the Virgin) has been characterized as "siddiqa"<ref>Qur'an 5:75; The Messiah, son of Mary, is but an apostle. Certainly, [other] apostles have passed before him, and his mother was a truthful one. </ref> (the female form of "siddiq"). In [[hadiths]], [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] has been characterized as "Siddiq"<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', p. 342; Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'',p. 274; Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 2, p. 9.</ref> and [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] as "Siddiqa" or "al-Siddiqa al-Kubra".<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 133; Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'',p. 668.</ref> | ||
==Position of Siddiqun== | ==Position of Siddiqun== | ||
According to Raghib al-Isfahani, siddiqun are people who are very close to prophets with respect to virtues. | According to Raghib al-Isfahani, siddiqun are people who are very close to prophets with respect to virtues.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Mufradāt'', p. 227.</ref> | ||
According to a [[hadith]] in Shiite sources, when a "siddiqa" (a female siddiq) dies, no one can do her washing rituals except a siddiq. For example, Fatima al-Zahra's (a) washing rituals were done by Imam 'Ali (a), and Maryam's (a) washing rituals were done by [[Jesus]] (Isa) (a). | According to a [[hadith]] in Shiite sources, when a "siddiqa" (a female siddiq) dies, no one can do her washing rituals except a siddiq. For example, Fatima al-Zahra's (a) washing rituals were done by Imam 'Ali (a), and Maryam's (a) washing rituals were done by [[Jesus]] (Isa) (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 159; Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 1, p. 440; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 530.</ref> | ||
==Al-Siddiq al-Akbar== | ==Al-Siddiq al-Akbar== | ||
In [[Shiite]] and [[Sunni]] sources, Imam 'Ali (a) has been characterized by the [[Prophet (s)]] as al-Siddiq al-Akbar. The Prophet (s) mentioned [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]], the [[believer of Pharaoh's People]] (Mu'min Al Fir'awn) and [[Habib al-Najjar]] as Siddiq, emphasizing that 'Ali (a) is the greatest ("Akbar") among them. | In [[Shiite]] and [[Sunni]] sources, Imam 'Ali (a) has been characterized by the [[Prophet (s)]] as al-Siddiq al-Akbar.<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', p. 342; Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'',p. 274; Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 2, p. 9; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 11, p. 616; Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 12; bn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 2, p. 286; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 1, p. 431; Ibn Abī Shayba, ''al-Muṣannif'', vol. 7, p. 498; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 13, p. 200; Ṭabarānī, ''al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 6, p. 269.</ref> The Prophet (s) mentioned [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]], the [[believer of Pharaoh's People]] (Mu'min Al Fir'awn) and [[Habib al-Najjar]] as Siddiq, emphasizing that 'Ali (a) is the greatest ("Akbar") among them.<ref>Ibn Maghāzīlī, ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib'', p. 200; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 11, p. 601.</ref> | ||
According to Sunni sources, [[Abu Bakr]] is also characterized as "siddiq" in [[Hadith of Mi'raj]] or, on other accounts, he was called so since the period of [[Jahiliyya]] (ignorance). However, the hadith has been rejected as unreliable by some Sunni scholars. Ibn Jawzi cited the hadith as a fake one in his book, ''al-Mawdu'at''. | According to Sunni sources, [[Abu Bakr]] is also characterized as "siddiq" in [[Hadith of Mi'raj]]<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 167; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 170.</ref> or, on other accounts, he was called so since the period of [[Jahiliyya]] (ignorance).<ref>Darza, ''Tārīkh al-ʿarab fī al-Islām'', p. 26.</ref> However, the hadith has been rejected as unreliable by some Sunni scholars.<ref>Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 13, p. 236; Dhahabī, ''Mīzān al-iʿtidāl'', vol. 1, p. 540; Ibn Ḥabbān, ''al-Majrūḥīn'', vol. 2, p. 116.</ref> Ibn Jawzi cited the hadith as a fake one in his book, ''al-Mawdu'at''.<ref>Ibn Jawzī, ''al-Mawḍūʿāt'', vol. 1, p. 327.</ref> | ||
Shiite scholars reject the title of "siddiq" for Abu Bakr. Moreover, they appeal to hadiths from Sunni sources to show that this title as well as the title, [[Faruq]], are exclusively those of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), since during his [[caliphate]], he stated on the [[minbar]] of [[Basra]] that the titles are exclusive his. | Shiite scholars reject the title of "siddiq" for Abu Bakr. Moreover, they appeal to hadiths from Sunni sources<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 146; Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 169; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 310; Ibn Māja, ''Sunan Ibn Māja'', vol. 1, 0. 44; Nisāʾyī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', p. 21-22; Juwaynī, ''Farāʾid al-samṭayn'', vol. 1, p. 140, 248; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 13, p. 228; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 3, p. 26; Suyūṭī, ''al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> to show that this title as well as the title, [[Faruq]], are exclusively those of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), since during his [[caliphate]], he stated on the [[minbar]] of [[Basra]] that the titles are exclusive his.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabī'', vol. 2, p. 263-270; Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 2, p. 312-314.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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* ʿĀmilī, al-Sayyid Jaʿfar al-Murtaḍā al-. ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam''. Qom: 1400 AH. | * ʿĀmilī, al-Sayyid Jaʿfar al-Murtaḍā al-. ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam''. Qom: 1400 AH. | ||
* Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh. Cairo: 1959. | * Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh. Cairo: 1959. | ||
* | * Darza, Muḥammad ʿIzza. ''Tārīkh al-ʿarab fī al-Islām''. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-Miṣrīyya. | ||
* Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Mīzān al-iʿtidāl''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr, 1382 AH. | |||
* Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn''. Edited by Yusuf ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Marʿashī. [n.d]. | * Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn''. Edited by Yusuf ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Marʿashī. [n.d]. | ||
* Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH. | * Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH. | ||
* Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1405 AH. | * Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1405 AH. | ||
* Ibn Ḥabbān, Muḥammad. ''Al-Majrūḥīn min al-muḥaddithīn wa al-ḍuʿafā wa al-matrūkīn''. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm Zāyid. Mecca: Dār al-Bāz li-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, [n.d]. | * Ibn Ḥabbān, Muḥammad. ''Al-Majrūḥīn min al-muḥaddithīn wa al-ḍuʿafā wa al-matrūkīn''. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm Zāyid. Mecca: Dār al-Bāz li-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Cairo: 1378 AH. | * Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Cairo: 1378 AH. | ||
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* Ibn Māja, Muḥammad b. Yazīd. ''Sunan Ibn Māja''. Edited by Muḥammad fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqā. Cairo: 1373 AH. | * Ibn Māja, Muḥammad b. Yazīd. ''Sunan Ibn Māja''. Edited by Muḥammad fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqā. Cairo: 1373 AH. | ||
* Ibn Maghāzīlī, Abū l-Hasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Intishārāt-i Sibṭ al-Nabī, 1426 AH. | * Ibn Maghāzīlī, Abū l-Hasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Intishārāt-i Sibṭ al-Nabī, 1426 AH. | ||
* Muttaqī Hindī, ʿAlī b. Ḥisām al-Dīn. Kanz al-ʿummāl fī al-sunan wa al-afʿāl. Edited by Bakrī Ḥayānī and Ṣafwa Saqā. Beirut: 1409 AH. | * Juwaynī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad. ''Farāʾid al-samṭayn''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Maḥmūdī. Beirut: 1398 AH. | ||
* Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannif''. Edited by Saʿīd al-Laḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH. | |||
* Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1367 Sh. | |||
* Kāshānī, Mullā Fatḥ Allāh. ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn fī ilzām al-mukhālifīn''. Kitābfurūshī-yi Muḥammad Ḥasan ʿIlmī. Tehran: 1333 Sh. | |||
* Muttaqī Hindī, ʿAlī b. Ḥisām al-Dīn. ''Kanz al-ʿummāl fī al-sunan wa al-afʿāl''. Edited by Bakrī Ḥayānī and Ṣafwa Saqā. Beirut: 1409 AH. | |||
* Nisāʾyī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Tahdhīb khaṣāʾiṣ al-Imām ʿAlī''. Edited by Abū Ishāq Ḥuwaynī ʾAtharī. Beirut: 1404 AH. | * Nisāʾyī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Tahdhīb khaṣāʾiṣ al-Imām ʿAlī''. Edited by Abū Ishāq Ḥuwaynī ʾAtharī. Beirut: 1404 AH. | ||
* Nisāʾyī, Aḥmad b. Shuʿayb. ''Sunan al-kubrā''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ghaffār Sulaymān al-Bandārī and Sayyid Ḥasan Kasrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmīyya, 1411 AH. | * Nisāʾyī, Aḥmad b. Shuʿayb. ''Sunan al-kubrā''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ghaffār Sulaymān al-Bandārī and Sayyid Ḥasan Kasrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmīyya, 1411 AH. | ||
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* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Edited by Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha. Qom: Dār al-Thiqāfa li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH. | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Edited by Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha. Qom: Dār al-Thiqāfa li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH. | ||
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan al-Khursān. 2nd ed. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1364 Sh. | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan al-Khursān. 2nd ed. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1364 Sh. | ||
* Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr''. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH. | * Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr''. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH. | ||
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | * Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | ||
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