Iraq: Difference between revisions

Alid, Bektashi, and Sarali are the main sects of Shi'ism among Turkmen; after the occupation of Iraq by English army they regularly visited [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] as a result they held solid relations with Fiqahat Shi'ism. However, Shi'a Turkmen were living in harsh situations in the time of [[Ba'ath regime]]. [[Saddam]] tried to persuade and convince them to support him but he failed. Thus he decided to prosecute and exile a large number of them.

Sassanid (226 - 652) ruled in Iraq for four centuries. In [[16]]/637-8 Muslims' army attacked Iraq and defeated [[Iran|Iranian]] army. However Iraq remained as a part of Iran's territory.

In [[14]]/ 635-6, al-Mada'in was conquered by Muslims. [[Salman al-Farsi]] and [[Hudhayfa b. Yaman]], [[companions of the Prophet Muhammad (s)]], were governors of al-Mada'in for some years. Iraq was attached to Muslims' territory in the time of the second caliph, [[Umar b. Khattab]]]. Later, [[Imam Ali (a)]] changed his capital from [[Hijaz]] to [[Kufa]] in [[35]]/ 655-656. Three major battles, [[Jamal]], [[Siffin]], and [[Battle of Nahrawan|Nahrawan]] took place in this region. Also, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his [[:Category:companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)|companions]] were [[Martyrdom|martyred]] in [[Karbala]] in [[61]]/ 680 by [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]].

In 1919 Iraq was detached from Ottomans and it was dominated by British. Faysal I, formed Monarchy of Iraq. With long and continuous oppositions and resistance of religious scholars such as [[Mirza Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], [[Muhammad Khalisi Zadeh]] and [[Ayatollah Kashani]], Iraq became independent in 1932.

After the [[Islamic revolution of Iran]], [[Saddam]] came to power in Iraq in 1979, he imposed an [[Iran-Iraq war|eight-year war]] against Iran in September 1980. Then in 1991 he attacked [[Kuwait]]. In 2003, American and English troops occupied Iraq in order to punish Saddam and bring democracy to Iraq. In 2005 Parliament election was held in Iraq. Jalal Talibani became the president and Ibrahim al-Ja'fari became the prime minister of Iraq. Also in October 2005, constitution of Iraq was approved. Nuri al-Maliki replaced Ibrahim al-Ja'fari in 2006, and stayed in this position until 2014. Fuad Masum is the current president of Iraq and Heydar al-Abadi is the prime minister.

The [[Battle of Jamal]] took place between [[Nakithun]] (the Oath-breakers) and army of [[Imam Ali (a)]] in 36/656. This battle started by [[Aisha]] (the Prophet Muhammad's widow), [[Talha]] and [[Zubayr b. al-'Awwam|Zubayr]] in a region near [[Basra]]; which ended with victory of Imam Ali's forces over Nakithun.

The Battle of Siffin was a battle between [[Imam Ali (a)]] and [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] occurred in the [[Safar]] month of [[37]]/ May 657 in an area called [[Siffin]]. Mu'awiya and his army later came to be called [[Qasitun]]. When the army of Mu'awiya was about to be defeated, they put volumes of the [[Qur'an]] on their spears and discouraged some people in Imam Ali (a)'s army from the battle. Eventually, some arbiters were elected in order to judge between the two parties, and the battle ended with no result.

[[Mirza Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi]] issued a [[Jihad]] [[fatwa]] against English occupiers in Iraq, accordingly Iraqi and Iranian people including [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Yazdi]], [[Sayyid Ali Damad Tabrizi]], [[Shari'at Isfahani]], [[Mirza Muhammad Shirazi]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]] attended the battle and fought against English troops. On the other hand, the English exiled a number of religious leaders of Iraq including [[Mirza Muhammad Shirazi]], [[Shaykh Jawad Zanjani]], Muhammad Taqi Khwansari and [[Abd al-Karim Puyan]] to Hingam Island. When Ayatollah Shirazi passed away, [[Shari'at Isfahani]] was chosen as the new leader of the opposition against the English which started a new wave of encounters. Afterwards [[al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalisi]] along with a number of religious leaders were exiled to [[Qom]] in Iran.