Iraq: Difference between revisions

Umayyads ([[41]]/661-62 – [[132]]/ 749-50) are a branch of [[Quraysh]] tribe, who are descendants of [[Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf]]. They came to power in 41/ 661-62 and they ruled over Iraq until 132/749-50. They changed Caliphate to Monarchy. Umayyad caliphs and leader held adversaries against [[Banu Hashim]] which continued throughout their ruling era. [[Mu'awiya]] and [[Yazid I]] were the first caliphs of Umayyad dynasty.

Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan: He was the first Umayyad caliph. He usurped caliphate from Imam al-Hasan (a) by means of [[the peace treaty]] between them in 41 A.H. He changed the capital from Kufa to [[Syria]]. He launched the [[Battle of Siffin]] against [[Imam Ali (a)]].

Yazid I: He was the second Umayyad caliph who came to power after the death of his father, Mu'awiya. Yazid's parents were fierce enemies of [[the Prophet(s)]] prior to the [[Conquest of Mecca]]. He was the first one chosen by his father to be the next caliph, in a hierarchy fashion. Yazid I was famous for being drunk and playing musical instruments. He had committed many crimes including the [[Battle of Karbala]], the [[Incident of Harra]], and the attack on [[Ka'ba]].

{{Main|Banu 'Abbas}}

Abbasid caliphs' lineage goes back to [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]], the cousin of the Prophet (s). Although [[Saffah]] was the first Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur is known as the founder of Abbasid caliphate. Six Shi'a [[Imam]]s have lived during the time of Abbasids, including [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]], [[Imam al-Rida (a)]], [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], and [[Imam Al-Hasan al-Askari (a)]]; they were all martyred by Abbasid rulers.

===Buyid===

Buyids was a Shi'ite government which ruled from [[328]]/939-40 to [[446]]/ 1054-5 in Iraq and [[Iran]], they managed to overcome [[Abbasid caliphate]]. At the beginning they established their government in Iran, then Ahmad b. Buya expanded Buyid territory to Iraq. 'Adud al-Dawla was the most powerful ruler of Buyid dynasty. After his reign, Buyid rulers came against each other through disagreements which finally led to the fall of this Shi'ite dynasty by the hands of Sultan Mahmud, a Ghaznavid ruler.

Having Shi'a ministers including Ibn 'Amid, [[Sahib b. al-'Ibad]], Mahlabi, and [[Ave Sina]] (Ibn Sina) in Buyid government, Shi'ism expanded throughout the region. Mourning ceremonies in [['Ashura]], writing Shi'ite poem on walls of [[mosque]]s in [[Baghdad]], making pilgrimage of Shi'a Imams' shrines, building mosques, and resting places for pilgrims in [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]] were significant actions taken by Buyid rulers.

{{Main|Ilkhanate}}

Mongol Ilkhanate were a Shi'ite government ruled over Iran, they ruled over Iraq in the eighth/fourteenth and ninth/fifteenth centuries. A number of Ilkhanate governors are buried in the [[holy shrine of Imam Ali (a)]] in Najaf.

{{Main|Safavids}}

Safavid dynasty founded their government based on Shi'ism. They chose Shi'a Islam as their official religion, which heavily affected Iranian culture. Transferring the [[Euphrates]]' water to Najaf and rebuilding the [[holy shrine of Kadhimiyya]] by the order of [[Shah Isma'il]] were the significant impact of Safavid government in Iraq.

In the ruling era of the first Safi, Ottomans attacked Iran. As a result, the Zuhab treaty was agreed between Ottomans and Safavid in 1049 A.H / 1639, in which Iraq was detached from Iran and it attached to Ottomans' territory. Zuhab treaty made peace between the two parties for a century.

Banu al-Mazid (350/ 961-62  – [[454]]/1062-63): They were initially part of the [[Banu Asad]] tribe who started living in the regions near [[Kufa]]. Ali b. Mazid, known as Sana' al-Dawla, was permitted by Ahmad Mu'iz al-Dawla's government to found the city [[Hillah]] in Iraq, which became their capital later. They actually acquired titles from Buyid government and they established an independent state. Banu al-Mazidi established the [[Seminary School of Hillah|seminary school in Hillah]] for the first time in the fifth/eleventh century.

Shahiniyya ([[338]]/949-950 – [[381]]/991-992) was established by [['Imran b. Shahin]] in in Batiha,between Wasit and [[Basra]], Iraq.

They were Shi'a families in Iraq who were ruling over the south of Iraq and Khuzestan province in Iran in the beginning of the fourth/ tenth century . Abu Yusuf al-Baridi was the governor of [[Basra]] and its region in [[320]]/ 932-933. Then 'Abd Allah al-Baridi was ruling in Wasit and Baghdad in [[329]]/940-941, and he made Al-Muttaqi, an Abbasid governor, to offer ministry of [[Abbasid caliphate]] to him; although it was usurped from him soon. In the time of [[Buyid]], Abu l-Qasim al-Baridi was chosen as the governor of Basra and then in 335 A.H became the governor of Wasit and its region. He ruled over Basra until [[349]]/ 946-947.

* Musha'sha'iyya