Anonymous user
Jeddah (city): Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
imported>E.amini mNo edit summary |
imported>Mohammad.Kh mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
'''Juddah''' or '''Jeddah''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| جدة}}) is the most important city and port in [[Saudi Arabia]] near the Red Sea. It is said that the history of the city goes back to the Stone Age. According to some accounts, Arabs and some [[Iran|Iranians]] were the main residents of Jeddah. After the emergence of [[Islam]], the city was ruled by the [[Umayyads]], the [[Abbasids]], the [[Fatimids]], the [[Ottomans]] and the [[Wahhabis]]. [['Abd al-Malik b. Ibrahim al-Jiddi]], and [[Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Kaziruni]] were prominent scholars of Jeddah. The city is known as the Bride of the Red Sea. It is the point of entry for pilgrims of [[hajj]]. It is a business center in Saudi Arabia, and the second largest city of the country, after [[Riyadh]], with a population of over 3,000,000 people. In recent centuries, many Iranian Shiites arrive in this city first when they go to the hajj pilgrimage, and then they go to [[Mecca]]. Iranian governments, such as the [[Qajar]] government, had an official consulate in Jeddah in order to take care of Iranian pilgrims. | '''Juddah''' or '''Jeddah''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| جدة}}) is the most important city and port in [[Saudi Arabia]] near the Red Sea. It is said that the history of the city goes back to the Stone Age. According to some accounts, Arabs and some [[Iran|Iranians]] were the main residents of Jeddah. After the emergence of [[Islam]], the city was ruled by the [[Umayyads]], the [[Abbasids]], the [[Fatimids]], the [[Ottomans]] and the [[Wahhabis]]. [['Abd al-Malik b. Ibrahim al-Jiddi]], and [[Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Kaziruni]] were prominent scholars of Jeddah. The city is known as the Bride of the Red Sea. It is the point of entry for pilgrims of [[hajj]]. It is a business center in Saudi Arabia, and the second largest city of the country, after [[Riyadh]], with a population of over 3,000,000 people. In recent centuries, many Iranian Shiites arrive in this city first when they go to the hajj pilgrimage, and then they go to [[Mecca]]. Iranian governments, such as the [[Qajar]] government, had an official consulate in Jeddah in order to take care of Iranian pilgrims. | ||
==The | ==The Meaning of Jeddah== | ||
Some people take “jeddah” to mean line or road and seaside (or riverside), and some believe that Jeddah is called so because it was on the seaside, and [[Mecca]] was connected to cities on the other side of the sea through Jeddah. Some people take the book to be an Arabic form for the Nabataean word, Kidd. There are some myths that since the resting place of [[Eve]]—the mother of all human beings—is located in this city, or the city is where she fell from Eden, it is called so (since the word, “jadda”, in Arabic, means grandmother). Others take the name to come from its adjacent sea (Jeddah sea). | Some people take “jeddah” to mean line or road and seaside (or riverside), and some believe that Jeddah is called so because it was on the seaside, and [[Mecca]] was connected to cities on the other side of the sea through Jeddah. Some people take the book to be an Arabic form for the Nabataean word, Kidd. There are some myths that since the resting place of [[Eve]]—the mother of all human beings—is located in this city, or the city is where she fell from Eden, it is called so (since the word, “jadda”, in Arabic, means grandmother). Others take the name to come from its adjacent sea (Jeddah sea). | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
Jeddah’s weather is affected by its location. Since the sea temperature is high during the summer, the humidity rises, and the weather rises to 50 degrees centigrades. | Jeddah’s weather is affected by its location. Since the sea temperature is high during the summer, the humidity rises, and the weather rises to 50 degrees centigrades. | ||
==The | ==The Origin and History== | ||
It is said that the history of Jeddah goes back to the Stone Age. On some accounts, [[Quda’a]], an old Arabian tribe, were the first people who resided in Jeddah. And on other accounts, during the [[Jahiliyya]] period, [['Amr b. Lahay]] who changed the monotheistic approach in Mecca, took some idols from Jeddah to Mecca, and called people to worship them. | It is said that the history of Jeddah goes back to the Stone Age. On some accounts, [[Quda’a]], an old Arabian tribe, were the first people who resided in Jeddah. And on other accounts, during the [[Jahiliyya]] period, [['Amr b. Lahay]] who changed the [[Tawhid|monotheistic approach]] in Mecca, took some idols from Jeddah to Mecca, and called people to worship them. | ||
However, there are other accounts that [[Salman al-Farsi]]’s Iranian kinsmen who were businessmen resided in Jeddah when they converted to Islam, or the city was built by a [[Sasanid]] monarch. According to Iranian accounts, when Bandar Siraf was destroyed, some of its people moved to Jeddah and resided there. On these accounts, the main inhabitants of Jeddah were Iranians. | However, there are other accounts that [[Salman al-Farsi]]’s Iranian kinsmen who were businessmen resided in Jeddah when they converted to Islam, or the city was built by a [[Sasanid]] monarch. According to Iranian accounts, when Bandar Siraf was destroyed, some of its people moved to Jeddah and resided there. On these accounts, the main inhabitants of Jeddah were Iranians. | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
Persian merchants tried to construct Jeddah. Iranian monarchs had Iranian merchants who came from other countries reside there. In fact, Jeddah was the anchorage place of ships from [[India]], [[Aden]], and [[Yemen]]. | Persian merchants tried to construct Jeddah. Iranian monarchs had Iranian merchants who came from other countries reside there. In fact, Jeddah was the anchorage place of ships from [[India]], [[Aden]], and [[Yemen]]. | ||
When the Sasanids were lost their power, Jeddah was abandoned such that during the emergence of Islam, it turned into a small village around Hijaz. After the emergence of Islam in 26 A.H. (647), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] turned Jeddah into Mecca’s port instead of Shu’aybiyya (a port south of Jeddah). After this, the city thrived again and became the center of the largest global market, especially during the [[hajj]] rituals. | When the Sasanids were lost their power, Jeddah was abandoned such that during the emergence of Islam, it turned into a small village around Hijaz. After the emergence of [[Islam]] in 26 A.H. (647), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] turned Jeddah into Mecca’s port instead of Shu’aybiyya (a port south of Jeddah). After this, the city thrived again and became the center of the largest global market, especially during the [[hajj]] rituals. | ||
==Commercial | ==Commercial Position== | ||
Since it was located in the middle of ports in Hijaz and was close to Aden and India, it had a thriving business. In addition to Indochina, it had transactions with Egyptian ports such as 'Aydhab, Qaws, as well as European and North African cities, Morocco, and sometimes Andalusia. Grains, argricultual products and livestock were carried to Jeddah from which they were sent to Mecca to meet the needs of hajj pilgrims. They led to Jeddah remaining a commercial center for consecutive centuries. | Since it was located in the middle of ports in [[Hijaz]] and was close to [[Aden]] and [[India]], it had a thriving business. In addition to [[Indochina]], it had transactions with Egyptian ports such as '[[Aydhab]], [[Qaws]], as well as [[European]] and North [[African]] cities, Morocco, and sometimes [[Andalusia]]. Grains, argricultual products and livestock were carried to Jeddah from which they were sent to Mecca to meet the needs of hajj pilgrims. They led to Jeddah remaining a commercial center for consecutive centuries. | ||
==Jeddah after the | ==Jeddah after the Emergence of Islam== | ||
===Umayyad and Abbasid | ===Umayyad and Abbasid Periods=== | ||
Not much is known about the history of Jeddah in the first centuries after [[Hijra]]. On some accounts, during the | Not much is known about the history of Jeddah in the first centuries after [[Hijra]]. On some accounts, during the [[Umayyad]]s and [[Abbasid]]s, the city was attacked by Abyssinians and Kurks or domestic rebels. For example, in 473 A.H. (1080), merchants left Jeddah because the ruler of [[Mecca]] tried to seize their property and Arabs dominated the city. | ||
===The | ===The Period of the Fatimids=== | ||
When [[Fatimids]] overtook the power in North Africa and dominated the Red Sea, instead of transactions with the Far East from ports in the Persian Gulf, such as Basra, they made transactions in the Red Sea, especially the Jeddah port. Thus they undermined the economy of the Abbasid caliphate. | When [[Fatimids]] overtook the power in North [[Africa]] and dominated the Red Sea, instead of transactions with the Far East from ports in the [[Persian Gulf]], such as [[Basra]], they made transactions in the [[Red Sea]], especially the Jeddah port. Thus they undermined the economy of the Abbasid caliphate. | ||
===The Portuguese=== | ===The Portuguese=== | ||
Since 918 A.H. (1512), when the Portuguese attacked Muslims’ ships, Jeddah was also threatened and it was defended by Mamluks and then the [[Ottomans]]. In 917 A.H. (1511), Husayn Kurdi, Jeddah’s representative on behalf of Sultan Qansura al-Ghawri, built a fort around the city as a military base to attack the Portuguese. In 948 A.H. (1541), Sharif Muhammad Abu Numay defeated Portuguese to occupy Jeddah in their last attempt to occupy Jeddah, and [[Sultan Sulaym al-Qanuni]] rewarded him with half of the tax incomes of Jeddah. | Since 918 A.H. (1512), when the Portuguese attacked Muslims’ ships, Jeddah was also threatened and it was defended by Mamluks and then the [[Ottomans]]. In 917 A.H. (1511), Husayn Kurdi, Jeddah’s representative on behalf of Sultan Qansura al-Ghawri, built a fort around the city as a military base to attack the Portuguese. In 948 A.H. (1541), Sharif Muhammad Abu Numay defeated Portuguese to occupy Jeddah in their last attempt to occupy Jeddah, and [[Sultan Sulaym al-Qanuni]] rewarded him with half of the tax incomes of Jeddah. | ||
===Under the | ===Under the Dominance of the Wahhabis=== | ||
In 1217 A.H. (1802), [[Wahhabis]] occupied Jeddah, but they could not take over the city because it was highly protected and fortified, until 1220 A.H. (1805) when they attacked Jeddah and slaughtered many people in the city and pilgrims of the [[Ka’ba]]. Jeddah was occupied by the Wahhabis until 1226 A.H. (1811). | In 1217 A.H. (1802), [[Wahhabis]] occupied Jeddah, but they could not take over the city because it was highly protected and fortified, until 1220 A.H. (1805) when they attacked Jeddah and slaughtered many people in the city and pilgrims of the [[Ka’ba]]. Jeddah was occupied by the Wahhabis until 1226 A.H. (1811). | ||
===Under the | ===Under the Dominance of the Ottomans=== | ||
In 1811, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha extended the Ottoman dominance to Jeddah. In 1256 A.H. (1840), Jeddah was directly ruled by the Ottomans; its ruler was appointed by them. | In 1811, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha extended the Ottoman dominance to Jeddah. In 1256 A.H. (1840), Jeddah was directly ruled by the Ottomans; its ruler was appointed by them. | ||
===Part of the Saudi | ===Part of the Saudi Government=== | ||
Sharif Husayn, who fought for the independence of Arabs, saved Jeddah from the [[Ottomans]]. Since the Wahhabis occupied Mecca in order to dominate [[Hijaz]] in [[Rabi’ al-Awwal]], 1343 A.H. (October 1924), Jeddah was the center of Sharif Husayn’s government. The city was sieged for one year, it was finally dominated in [[Jamadi al-Thani]] 1344 (December 1925) by the Wahhabi ruler, 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Saud, and eventually the Saudi government was recognized under the Jeddah Treaty on [[Dhu l-Qa’da]] 1345 A.H. (May 1927), and thus Jeddah was annexed to the Saudi realm. | Sharif Husayn, who fought for the independence of Arabs, saved Jeddah from the [[Ottomans]]. Since the Wahhabis occupied Mecca in order to dominate [[Hijaz]] in [[Rabi’ al-Awwal]], 1343 A.H. (October 1924), Jeddah was the center of Sharif Husayn’s government. The city was sieged for one year, it was finally dominated in [[Jamadi al-Thani]] 1344 (December 1925) by the Wahhabi ruler, 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Saud, and eventually the Saudi government was recognized under the Jeddah Treaty on [[Dhu l-Qa’da]] 1345 A.H. (May 1927), and thus Jeddah was annexed to the Saudi realm. | ||
==Different | ==Different Areas of Jeddah== | ||
Presently Jeddah has 4 parts: the historical part with old and traditional buildings; the central part with commercial buildings; the new area with wide streets and modern residential units and shopping centers; and the gorgeous seaside of 130 kilometers length. | Presently Jeddah has 4 parts: the historical part with old and traditional buildings; the central part with commercial buildings; the new area with wide streets and modern residential units and shopping centers; and the gorgeous seaside of 130 kilometers length. | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
In 1981, Jedda had a population of 1,000,000 people and in 1999, the population was over 2,000,000 with a population growth of 16 percent. Later the population grew into 3,000,000 showing its economic progress and job opportunities. With the growth of the population, governmental and national schools, as well as centers for language learning, were founded. King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah is the third ranking university in Saudi Arabia with 10 colleges. There are 6 newspapers (two in English) and several weekly and monthly journals in Jeddah. | In 1981, Jedda had a population of 1,000,000 people and in 1999, the population was over 2,000,000 with a population growth of 16 percent. Later the population grew into 3,000,000 showing its economic progress and job opportunities. With the growth of the population, governmental and national schools, as well as centers for language learning, were founded. King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah is the third ranking university in Saudi Arabia with 10 colleges. There are 6 newspapers (two in English) and several weekly and monthly journals in Jeddah. | ||
==Economic and | ==Economic and Developmental Growth== | ||
The large population of the city and the number of [[hajj]] pilgrims have led to the increase of the activity in the Abdulaziz International Airport (founded in 1981) and the Jeddah Port. There are many roads in the city with 75 bridges that have facilitated communications. There are tens of governmental and private clinics and hospitals in Jeddah. There are large facilities to sweeten the sea water. The city is one of the largest industrial centers in Saudi Arabia. In addition to the refining installations, there are production lines for iron, steel, marbles, cements, glass, papers, clothes and the like. Many industrial productions, on the one hand, and the ease of import and export, on the other hand, have improved commerce in Jeddah. Moreover, tourism has led to the development of a number of hotels. Iranian pilgrims of hajj amount to an annual population of 1,000,000. Before Riyadh was chosen as the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah was the center for the visit of foreign delegates. Jeddah is the center of the Organization for Islamic Conferences. | The large population of the city and the number of [[hajj]] pilgrims have led to the increase of the activity in the Abdulaziz International Airport (founded in 1981) and the Jeddah Port. There are many roads in the city with 75 bridges that have facilitated communications. There are tens of governmental and private clinics and hospitals in Jeddah. There are large facilities to sweeten the sea water. The city is one of the largest industrial centers in Saudi Arabia. In addition to the refining installations, there are production lines for iron, steel, marbles, cements, glass, papers, clothes and the like. Many industrial productions, on the one hand, and the ease of import and export, on the other hand, have improved commerce in Jeddah. Moreover, tourism has led to the development of a number of hotels. Iranian pilgrims of [[hajj]] amount to an annual population of 1,000,000. Before Riyadh was chosen as the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah was the center for the visit of foreign delegates. Jeddah is the center of the Organization for [[Islamic Conferences]]. | ||
==Historical | ==Historical Monuments== | ||
Some historical monuments of Jeddah, such as the grave attributed to [[Eve]] and the Fort built by Husayn Kurdi were destroyed during the Saudi period, respectively, in 1928 and 1948. There are [[hadiths]] attributed to [[the Prophet (s)]] mentioning the virtues of Jeddah or recommending worshipping there because Eve is buried there. | Some historical monuments of Jeddah, such as the grave attributed to [[Eve]] and the Fort built by Husayn Kurdi were destroyed during the Saudi period, respectively, in 1928 and 1948. There are [[hadiths]] attributed to [[the Prophet (s)]] mentioning the virtues of Jeddah or recommending worshipping there because Eve is buried there. | ||
| Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/جده_(شهر) جده (شهر)] in Farsi WikiShia. | *The material for this article is mainly taken from [[http://fa.wikishia.net/view/جده_(شهر) (جده (شهر)]] in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
[[fa:جده_(شهر)]] | [[fa:جده_(شهر)]] | ||
[[Category:Places]] | [[Category:Places]] | ||