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Jeddah (city): Difference between revisions
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[[File:جده.png|290px|thumbnail|right|Jeddah on the map of [[Saudi Arabia]].]] | |||
'''Juddah''' or '''Jeddah''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| جدة}}) is the most important city and port in [[Saudi Arabia]] near the Red Sea. It is said that the history of the city goes back to the Stone Age. According to some accounts, Arabs and some [[Iran|Iranians]] were the main residents of Jeddah. After the emergence of [[Islam]], the city was ruled by the [[Umayyads]], the [[Abbasids]], the [[Fatimids]], the [[Ottomans]] and the [[Wahhabis]]. [['Abd al-Malik b. Ibrahim al-Jiddi]], and [[Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Kaziruni]] were prominent scholars of Jeddah. The city is known as the Bride of the Red Sea. It is the point of entry for pilgrims of [[hajj]]. It is a business center in Saudi Arabia, and the second largest city of the country, after [[Riyadh]], with a population of over 3,000,000 people. In recent centuries, many Iranian Shiites arrive in this city first when they go to the hajj pilgrimage, and then they go to [[Mecca]]. Iranian governments, such as the [[Qajar]] government, had an official consulate in Jeddah in order to take care of Iranian pilgrims. | '''Juddah''' or '''Jeddah''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| جدة}}) is the most important city and port in [[Saudi Arabia]] near the Red Sea. It is said that the history of the city goes back to the Stone Age. According to some accounts, Arabs and some [[Iran|Iranians]] were the main residents of Jeddah. After the emergence of [[Islam]], the city was ruled by the [[Umayyads]], the [[Abbasids]], the [[Fatimids]], the [[Ottomans]] and the [[Wahhabis]]. [['Abd al-Malik b. Ibrahim al-Jiddi]], and [[Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Kaziruni]] were prominent scholars of Jeddah. The city is known as the Bride of the Red Sea. It is the point of entry for pilgrims of [[hajj]]. It is a business center in Saudi Arabia, and the second largest city of the country, after [[Riyadh]], with a population of over 3,000,000 people. In recent centuries, many Iranian Shiites arrive in this city first when they go to the hajj pilgrimage, and then they go to [[Mecca]]. Iranian governments, such as the [[Qajar]] government, had an official consulate in Jeddah in order to take care of Iranian pilgrims. | ||
==The Meaning of Jeddah== | ==The Meaning of Jeddah== | ||
Some people take “jeddah” to mean line or road and seaside (or riverside), and some believe that Jeddah is called so because it was on the seaside, and [[Mecca]] was connected to cities on the other side of the sea through Jeddah. Some people take the | Some people take “jeddah” to mean line or road and seaside (or riverside), and some believe that Jeddah is called so because it was on the seaside, and [[Mecca]] was connected to cities on the other side of the sea through Jeddah. Some people take the term to be an Arabic form for the Nabataean term, Kidd. There are some myths that since the resting place of [[Eve]]—the mother of all human beings—is located in this city, or the city is where she fell from Eden, it is called so (since the word, “jadda”, in Arabic, means grandmother). Others take the name to come from its adjacent sea (Jeddah sea). | ||
Today people in Saudi Arabia pronounce it as Jidda. | Today people in Saudi Arabia pronounce it as Jidda. | ||
==Geographical | ==Geographical Location== | ||
Jeddah is located near the seaside plain, [[Tihamah]], 75 kilometers west of [[Mecca]] in the western part of Saudi Arabia. A chain of foothills parallel to the mountain range of [[Hijaz]] separates it from the Eastern part. The city is 419 kilometers away from [[Medina]] and it covers an area of 47,000 hectares (470 square kilometers). | Jeddah is located near the seaside plain, [[Tihamah]], 75 kilometers west of [[Mecca]] in the western part of Saudi Arabia. A chain of foothills parallel to the mountain range of [[Hijaz]] separates it from the Eastern part. The city is 419 kilometers away from [[Medina]] and it covers an area of 47,000 hectares (470 square kilometers). | ||
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==The Origin and History== | ==The Origin and History== | ||
It is said that the history of Jeddah goes back to the Stone Age. On some accounts, [[Quda’a]], an old | It is said that the history of Jeddah goes back to the Stone Age. On some accounts, [[Quda’a]], an old Arab tribe, were the first people who resided in Jeddah. And on other accounts, during the [[Jahiliyya]] period, 'Amr b. Luhay who changed the [[Tawhid|monotheistic approach]] in Mecca, took some idols from Jeddah to Mecca, and called people to worship them. | ||
However, there are other accounts that [[Salman al-Farsi]]’s Iranian kinsmen who were businessmen resided in Jeddah when they converted to Islam, or the city was built by a [[Sasanid]] monarch. According to Iranian accounts, when Bandar Siraf was destroyed, some of its people moved to Jeddah and resided there. On these accounts, the main inhabitants of Jeddah were Iranians. | However, there are other accounts that [[Salman al-Farsi]]’s Iranian kinsmen who were businessmen resided in Jeddah when they converted to Islam, or the city was built by a [[Sasanid]] monarch. According to Iranian accounts, when Bandar Siraf was destroyed, some of its people moved to Jeddah and resided there. On these accounts, the main inhabitants of Jeddah were Iranians. | ||
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==Commercial Position== | ==Commercial Position== | ||
Since it was located in the middle of ports in [[Hijaz]] and was close to [[Aden]] and [[India]], it had a thriving business. In addition to [[Indochina]], it had transactions with Egyptian ports such as '[[Aydhab]], [[Qaws]], as well as [[European]] and North [[African]] cities, Morocco, and sometimes [[Andalusia]]. Grains, argricultual products and livestock were carried to Jeddah from which they were sent to Mecca to meet the needs of hajj pilgrims. They led to Jeddah remaining a commercial center for consecutive centuries. | Since it was located in the middle of ports in [[Hijaz]] and was close to [[Aden]] and [[India]], it had a thriving business. In addition to [[Indochina]], it had transactions with Egyptian ports such as '[[Aydhab]], [[Qaws]], as well as [[European]] and North [[African]] cities, [[Morocco]], and sometimes [[Andalusia]]. Grains, argricultual products and livestock were carried to Jeddah from which they were sent to Mecca to meet the needs of hajj pilgrims. They led to Jeddah remaining a commercial center for consecutive centuries. | ||
==Jeddah after the Emergence of Islam== | ==Jeddah after the Emergence of Islam== | ||
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===The Period of the Fatimids=== | ===The Period of the Fatimids=== | ||
When [[Fatimids]] overtook the power in North [[Africa]] and dominated the Red Sea, instead of transactions with the Far East from ports in the [[Persian Gulf]], such as [[Basra]], they made transactions in the [[Red Sea]], especially the Jeddah port. Thus they undermined the economy of the Abbasid caliphate. | When [[Fatimids]] overtook the power in North [[Africa]] and dominated the Red Sea, instead of transactions with the Far East from ports in the [[Persian Gulf]], such as [[Basra]], they made transactions in the [[Red Sea]], especially the Jeddah port. Thus they undermined the economy of the Abbasid [[caliphate]]. | ||
===The Portuguese=== | ===The Portuguese=== | ||
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===Under the Dominance of the Wahhabis=== | ===Under the Dominance of the Wahhabis=== | ||
In 1217 A.H. (1802), [[Wahhabis]] occupied Jeddah, but they could not take over the city because it was highly protected and fortified, until 1220 A.H. (1805) when they attacked Jeddah and slaughtered many people in the city and pilgrims of the [[ | In 1217 A.H. (1802), [[Wahhabis]] occupied Jeddah, but they could not take over the city because it was highly protected and fortified, until 1220 A.H. (1805) when they attacked Jeddah and slaughtered many people in the city and pilgrims of the [[Ka'ba]]. Jeddah was occupied by the Wahhabis until 1226 A.H. (1811). | ||
===Under the Dominance of the Ottomans=== | ===Under the Dominance of the Ottomans=== | ||
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===Part of the Saudi Government=== | ===Part of the Saudi Government=== | ||
Sharif Husayn, who fought for the independence of Arabs, saved Jeddah from the [[Ottomans]]. Since the Wahhabis occupied Mecca in order to dominate [[Hijaz]] in [[ | Sharif Husayn, who fought for the independence of Arabs, saved Jeddah from the [[Ottomans]]. Since the Wahhabis occupied Mecca in order to dominate [[Hijaz]] in [[Rabi' I]], 1343 A.H. (October 1924), Jeddah was the center of Sharif Husayn’s government. The city was sieged for one year, it was finally dominated in [[Jumada II]] 1344 (December 1925) by the Wahhabi ruler, 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Saud, and eventually the Saudi government was recognized under the Jeddah Treaty on [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] 1345 A.H. (May 1927), and thus Jeddah was annexed to the Saudi realm. | ||
==Different Areas of Jeddah== | ==Different Areas of Jeddah== | ||
Presently Jeddah has | Presently Jeddah has four parts: the historical part with old and traditional buildings; the central part with commercial buildings; the new area with wide streets and modern residential units and shopping centers; and the gorgeous seaside of 130 kilometers length. | ||
==Population and | ==Population and Cultural Features== | ||
In 1981, Jedda had a population of 1,000,000 people and in 1999, the population was over 2,000,000 with a population growth of 16 percent. Later the population grew into 3,000,000 showing its economic progress and job opportunities. With the growth of the population, governmental and national schools, as well as centers for language learning, were founded. King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah is the third ranking university in Saudi Arabia with 10 colleges. There are | In 1981, Jedda had a population of 1,000,000 people and in 1999, the population was over 2,000,000 with a population growth of 16 percent. Later the population grew into 3,000,000 showing its economic progress and job opportunities. With the growth of the population, governmental and national schools, as well as centers for language learning, were founded. King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah is the third ranking university in Saudi Arabia with 10 colleges. There are six newspapers (two in English) and several weekly and monthly journals in Jeddah. | ||
==Economic and Developmental Growth== | ==Economic and Developmental Growth== | ||
The large population of the city and the number of [[hajj]] pilgrims have led to the increase of the activity in the Abdulaziz International Airport (founded in 1981) and the Jeddah Port. There are many roads in the city with 75 bridges that have facilitated communications. There are tens of governmental and private clinics and hospitals in Jeddah. There are large facilities to sweeten the sea water. The city is one of the largest industrial centers in Saudi Arabia. In addition to the refining installations, there are production lines for iron, steel, marbles, cements, glass, papers, clothes and the like. Many industrial productions, on the one hand, and the ease of import and export, on the other hand, have improved commerce in Jeddah. Moreover, tourism has led to the development of a number of hotels. Iranian pilgrims of [[hajj]] amount to an annual population of 1,000,000. Before Riyadh was chosen as the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah was the center for the visit of foreign delegates. Jeddah is the center of the | The large population of the city and the number of [[hajj]] pilgrims have led to the increase of the activity in the 'Abdulaziz International Airport (founded in 1981) and the Jeddah Port. There are many roads in the city with 75 bridges that have facilitated communications. There are tens of governmental and private clinics and hospitals in Jeddah. There are large facilities to sweeten the sea water. The city is one of the largest industrial centers in Saudi Arabia. In addition to the refining installations, there are production lines for iron, steel, marbles, cements, glass, papers, clothes and the like. Many industrial productions, on the one hand, and the ease of import and export, on the other hand, have improved commerce in Jeddah. Moreover, tourism has led to the development of a number of hotels. Iranian pilgrims of [[hajj]] amount to an annual population of 1,000,000. Before Riyadh was chosen as the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah was the center for the visit of foreign delegates. Jeddah is the center of the [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]]. | ||
==Historical Monuments== | ==Historical Monuments== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from | *The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/جده_(شهر) (جده (شهر] in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
[[fa:جده_(شهر)]] | [[fa:جده_(شهر)]] | ||
[[Category:Places]] | [[Category:Places]] | ||