Ḥajjat al-Wadāʿ (Arabic: حَجَّة الوَداع; meaning: farewell hajj) was the only hajj journey of the Prophet (s) after Hijra that occurred in 10/632. After Hijra, the Prophet (s) went to Mecca for 'umra three times;[1] but, according to historians and hadith scholars, he (s) only once attended hajj rituals and it was few months before he (s) passed away.[2] Since, this hajj took place in the last year of his life, the Prophet (s) made farewell to people and it became known as Hajjat al-Wada' (Hajj of Farewell). According to Shi'a beliefs, on return from this hajj, the Prophet (s) publicly announced the imamate and guardianship of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) in Ghadir Khumm, following the order of God and requested people's allegiance with Imam 'Ali (a); therefore, this hajj is very important for Shi'a.
Another name of this hajj is Hajjat al-Balagh (Arabic: حَجَّة البَلاغ), since the al-Tabligh Verse was revealed to the Prophet (s) on return from that journey.[3] Another name of that hajj of the Prophet (s) is Hajjat al-Islam,[4] since it is the only hajj of the Prophet (s) during the rule of Islam and its rituals were practiced according to Islamic law.
Beginning of the Journey and Wearing Ihram
| 1/622 | Hijra |
| 2/624 | Marriage of Imam 'Ali (a) and Lady Fatima (a) |
| 2/624 | Change of the Qibla |
| 2/624 | Battle of Badr |
| 2/624 | Battle of Banu Qaynuqa' |
| 3/625 | Battle of Uhud |
| 3/625 | Battle of Banu Nadir |
| 5/627 | Battle of Khandaq |
| 5/627 | Battle of Banu Qurayza |
| 6/628 | Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty |
| 7/628 | Battle of Khaybar |
| 7/629 | Presenting Fadak to Lady Fatima (a) |
| 7/629 | Umrat al-Qada' |
| 7/629 | Battle of Mu'ta |
| 8/630 | Conquest of Mecca |
| 8/630 | Battle of Hunayn |
| 8/630 | Battle of Ta'if |
| 9/631 | More dominance over Arabian Peninsula |
| 9/631 | Battle of Tabuk |
| 9/631 | Sanat al-Wufud |
| 10/632 | Hajjat al-Wada' |
| 10/632 | Event of Ghadir |
| 11/632 | Demise |
According to a detailed hadith narrated by Mu'awiya b. 'Ammar from Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Prophet (s) lived in Medina for ten years and did not go to hajj.[5] When the verse "And proclaim the ḥajj to people:…" (Qur'an 22:27) was revealed to the Prophet (s), he (s) announced that he (s) would go to hajj that year. People of Medina, villages and dessert gathered in Medina to accompany the Prophet (s) during hajj rituals. Four nights before the end of Dhu l-Qa'da 10/632 the Prophet (s) moved from Medina to Mecca.[6]
In Sunni sources, it is mentioned that the Prophet (s) spent one night in Miqat of Dhu l-Hulayfa and then moved towards Mecca.[7] However, according to the hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Prophet (s) put on ihram as soon as he (s) arrived in the miqat and did not stay there that night.[8]
At the miqat, the Prophet (s) taught people the manners of wearing ihram. He (s) made ghusl (ritual bath) and then put on ihram for the hajj al-qiran;[9] His ihram clothing was two pieces of Yemeni unsewed cotton that later on became his kafan (shroud);[10] and moved on so that he (s) did his noon prayers in the al-Shajara Mosque.[11]
Later, Muslims built some mosques at the places the Prophet (s) stayed or did prayers.[12]
The Prophet (s) stayed one night in Dhu Tuwa[13] and arrived in Mecca on the 4th of Dhu l-Hijja.[14]
Rituals
Circumambulation and Prayers
On Dhu l-Hijja 5, the Prophet (s) and his Companions entered al-Masjid al-Haram from the gate of Banu Shayba,[15] went to the Ka'ba and touched al-Hajar al-Aswad (the black stone) and proceeded to circumambulation of the Ka'ba (tawaf).[16] The Prophet (s) riding a camel circumambulated the Ka'ba[17] and finally once again touched al-Hajar al-Aswad,[18] kissed it and cried long near it.[19] Then, he did two rak'as of prayer behind the Maqam Ibrahim (a).[20]
Sa'y
After he (s) did the prayers, drank from the Zamzam Well and prayed and then went to Mount al-Safa[21] and said that he (s) would begin sa'y from there since God mentioned it first.[22] When he (s) arrived there, turned toward al-Rukn al-Yamani of the Ka'ba and long prayed to God[23] and jog-trotted part of the way.[24] When he (s) arrived at Mount al-Marwa, stopped and prayed.[25] Apparently, he (s) rode the way.[26]
Moving to Mina and 'Arafat
Upon the sunset of the 8th of Dhu l-Hijja, the noble Prophet (s) and Muslims moved towards Mina and stayed there for the night and moved towards 'Arafat the next morning after the sunrise. When the caravan arrived in Namira (land of Urana) beside 'Arafat, stopped and the Prophet (s) and others erected tent there and the Prophet (s) made a speech there. Then he (s) went to 'Arafat and stayed there and prayed until the sunset.[27]
According to a narration from Imam al-Sadiq (a), Eid al-Ghadir (18 of Dhu l-Hijja) was Friday.[28] According to this narration, the day of staying in 'Arafat was Wednesday, 9th of Dhu l-Hijja; but according to al-Suyuti, the Sunni historian, the Second Caliph is said to have reported that staying in 'Arafat was made on Friday.
Staying at al-Mash'ar
Upon the sunset, the Prophet (s) got on the camel and rode towards Muzdalifa (al-Mash'ar al-Haram)[29] and advised Muslims that slowly pass the way.[30] The Prophet (s) did his Maghrib and 'Isha' prayers together in al-Mash'ar al-Haram[31] and made a rest. At the down, he prayed and supplicated before God, which is so much recommended in hajj.[32]
Ramy al-Jamarat
Upon the sunrise, he (s) went towards Mina and straightly to al-Jamara al-'Aqaba and threw seven stones at it.[33]
Sacrifice
He (s) then went to place of sacrifice and from a hundred camels he (s) had brought with himself from Medina,[34] he (s) gave thirty some camels to 'Ali (a) to sacrifice for himself and he (s) sacrificed the other sixty some camels. They ate little from what they sacrificed and gave the rest for charity.[35]
Then, Mu'ammar b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Haratha (or al-Haritha) shaved the hair of the Prophet's (s) head following his order[36] and after the Prophet (s) did his personal obligations and answered some of people's questions regarding hajj rituals,[37] he (s) went to Mecca, circumambulated the Ka'ba and did noon prayer in al-Masjid al-Haram.[38] He (s) then returned to Mina and spend 3 days of al-Tashriq days there, did Ramy al-Jamara and exited Mina.[39]
At the end of Sa'y, the Prophet (s) taught Muslims the rituals of hajj al-tamattu' which includes the ritual for umra and hajj. Until then, people only knew hajj al-ifrad and qiran and considered doing umra during the special time of hajj [Dhu l-Hijja] inappropriate and wrong, therefore some Muslims accepted this new rule unwillingly.[40]
Characteristics of this Journey
- Since his entering to Mecca until 8th of Dhu l-Hijja, the Prophet (s) did not stay in any house but in a tent outside Mecca in Abtah (Batha').[41]
- In this journey, the Prophet (s) covered the Ka'ba with clothes woven in Yemen.[42]
- The Prophet (s) advised the people of Mecca and its neighbors to leave al-Mataf, al-Hajar al-Aswad, Maqam Ibrahim (a) and the first line of congregational prayer to the pilgrims of hajj from Dhu l-Qa'da 10.[43]
- He (s) gave food to hajj pilgrims like his ancestors.[44]
- A short speech is narrated from the Prophet (s) made in the al-Khayf Mosque in Mina.[45]
- 'Ali (a) who had come with a group of people from Yemen, joined the Prophet (s) in Mecca.[46]
- The announcement of wilaya [guardianship] of 'Ali (a) in Ghadir Khumm in the way back from this journey and securing allegiance of the Companions also took place in this journey.
Anouncement of Wilaya
On 18th of Dhu l-Hijja, the caravan of the Prophet (s) arrived in Ghadir Khumm near Juhfa. There, following the order from God,[47] the Prophet (s) appointed Imam 'Ali (a) as his successor.[48] Afterward, the caravan moved towards Medina and apparently arrived there on 24th of Dhu l-Hijja.[49] Last days of Dhu l-Hijja, the Prophet (s) was in Medina.[50]
Hajj of the Prophet (s) took 28 to 30 days. The Ikmal al-Din Verse[51] [Perfection of the Religion] is among the verses which certainly revealed to the Prophet (s) in Hajjat al-Wada'.
Number of Hajj Pilgrims
The prevalent statement in the sources is that forty thousands people were present in Mecca during Hajjat al-Wada'. There are also other statements, like 70,000, 90,000, 100,000, 114,000, 120,000 and at most 130,000 people. But it seems that these numbers are exaggerated and not more than 50,000 people were present. Considering that most reports mentions that 40,000 were in Mecca in that time, it seems that this number is more acceptable.
See Also
Notes
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1088
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1088-1089; al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 244
- ↑ Ibn Hisham, al-Sira, vol. 4 p. 253; al-Mas'udi, Tanbih, p. 275-276
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat, vol. 2 p. 172; al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245-248
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1089; al-Tusi, Tahdhib, vol. 5 p. 454
- ↑ al-Bukhari, Sahih, vol. 2 p. 147; Abu Dawud, Sunan, vol. 2 p. 375; al-Biyhaqqi, al-Sunan al-kubra, vol. 7 p. 83
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248-249
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245; Majlisi, Mir'at al-'uqul, vol. 17 p. 111
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 339
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248-249
- ↑ Marjani, Bahjat al-nufus, p. 280-290; Samhudi, Wafa' al-wafa, vol. 3 p. 1001-1020
- ↑ Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 919
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1097; al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 250
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245
- ↑ Wathiqi, Hajjat al-Wada' , p. 106-110
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245
- ↑ Ibn Maja, Sunan, vol. 2 p. 982
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245, 249-250; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 887
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 250
- ↑ Qur'an 2:158; al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 245; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 888
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246
- ↑ Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 888
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1099; Wathiqi, Hajjat al-Wada' , p. 133-135
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246-247; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 889-890
- ↑ al-Saduq, Khisal, vol. 2, p. 394
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 247; al-Biyhaqqi, al-Sunan al-kubra, vol. 7 p. 260; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 890-891
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 247; al-Tusi, Tahdhib, vol. 5 p. 187
- ↑ al-Tusi, Tahdhib, vol. 5 p. 188
- ↑ Wathiqi, Hajjat al-Wada' , p. 211-216
- ↑ Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 891-892; Qadi al-Nu'man, Da'a'im al-Islam, vol. 1 p. 322-323; al-Nuri, Mustadrak, vol. 10 p. 67
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 247; al-Tusi, Tahdhib, vol. 5 p. 227; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 892
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 250; al-Tusi, Tahdhib, vol. 5 p. 458
- ↑ Qadi al-Nu'man, Da'a'im al-islam, vol. 1 p. 330
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 892
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 248
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 888-889
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1099; Al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246
- ↑ al-Waqidi, al-Maghazi, vol. 3 p. 1100; al-Mas'udi, Tanbih, p. 276; al-Azraqi, Akhbar Makka, vol. 1 p. 253; al-Fasi, Shifa' al-gharam, vol. 1 p. 230
- ↑ Muttaqi, Kanz al-'ummal, vol. 3 p. 22
- ↑ Ibn Fahd, Ithaf al-wara, vol. 1 p. 567
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 1 p. 403-404; al-Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol. 2 p. 102; Ibn Maja, Sunan, vol. 1 p. 84-85
- ↑ al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 246; Muslim, Sahih, vol. 1 p. 888
- ↑ Qur'an 5:67
- ↑ Ibn al-Maghazili, Manaqib, p. 16-18; al-Amini, al-Ghadir, vol. 1 p. 508-541
- ↑ Wathiqi, Hajjat al-Wada' , p. 335
- ↑ Ibn Hisham, al-Sira, vol. 4 p. 253
- ↑ Qur'an 5:3
References
- Abu Dawud, Sulayman b. Ash'ath. Sunan abi Dawud. Istanbul: 1401/1981
- Amini, 'Abd al-Husayn. Al-Ghadir. Qom: Markaz al-Ghadir, 1416
- Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-. Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar. Beirut: Rashidi Salih, 1403/1983
- Biyhaqqi, Ahmad b. Husayn al-. Al-Sunan al-kubra. Beirut: 1424/2003
- Bukhari, Muhammad b. Isma'il al-. Al-Sahih. Istanbul: Muhammad Dhihni Afandi, 1401/1981
- Fasi, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-. Shifa' al-gharam bi akhbar al-balid al-haram. Mecca: Aymin Fu'ad Sayyid & Mustafa Muhammad Dhahabi, 1999
- Ibn Fahd, 'Umar b. Muhammad. Ithaf al-wara bi akhbar umm al-qura. Mecca: Fahim Muhammad Shaltut, 1983-1984
- Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik. Al-Sira al-nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Saqqa, 1355/1936
- Ibn al-Maghazili, 'Ali b. Muhammad, Manaqib al-imam 'Ali b. Abi Talib. Beirut: Muhammad Baqir Bihbudi, 1403/1983
- Ibn Maja. Sunan. Istanbul: 1401/1981
- Ibn Sa'd al-Hashimi, Muhammad. Al-Tabaqat al-kubra. Beirut
- Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-. Al-Kafi.
- Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir al-. Mir'at al-'uqul. Tehran: Muhsin Husayni Amini, 1365
- Marjani, 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Malik al-. Bahjat al-nufus wa al-asrar fi tarikh dar al-hijra al-mukhtar. Riyad: Muhammad Shawqi Makki, 1425
- Mas'udi, 'Ali b. al-Husayn al-. al-Tanbih wa al-ishraf.
- Niyshaburi, Muslim b. Hajjaj al-. Sahih. Istanbul: Muhammad Fu'ad 'Abd al-Baqi, 1401/1981
- Muttaqi, 'Ali b. Hisam al-Din al-. Kanz al-'ummal. Beirut: Muhmud 'Umar, 1419/1998
- Nuri, Husayn b. Muhammad Taqi al-.Mustadrak al-wasa'il. Qom: 1407-1408
- Qadi al-Nu'man b. Muhammad, Da'a'im al-islam. Cairo: Asif b. 'Ali Asghar Faydi, 1963-1965
- Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-. Al-Khisal. Qom: 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari, 1362
- Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-. Man la yahduruh al-faqih. Qom: 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari, 1414
- Samhudi, 'Ali b. 'Abd Allah al-. Wafa' al-wafa. Beirut: Muhammad Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid, 1404/1984
- Tusi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan al, Tahdhib al-ahkam. Beirut: Hasan Musawi Kharsan, 1401/1981
- Waqidi, Muhammad b. 'Umar al-. Al-Maghazi. London: Marseden Junz, 1966
- Wathiqi, Husayn. Hajjat al-Wada' kama rawahu ahl al-bayt. Qom: 1425
- Ibn Abi Ya'qub, Ahmad. Tarikh al-ya'qubi.