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al-Mu'tazz al-'Abbasi
The martyrdom of Imam al-Hadi (a) and the persecution and imprisonment of Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (a)
Full NameMuhammad b. Ja'far al-Mutawakkil
Epithetal-Mu'tazz bi-llah
Religious AffiliationIslam
Well-known RelativesAl-Mutawakkil al-'Abbasi (Father), Qabiha al-Rumiyya (Mother), Abd Allah b. al-Mu'tazz (Son)
Birth232/847
Place of BirthSamarra
Death255/869
Burial PlaceSamarra
Notable rolesThirteenth Abbasid Caliph
ActivitiesReign start: 252/866
Reign end: 255/869


Al-Muʿtazz bi-llāh or al-Muʿtazz al-ʿAbbāsī (232/847-255/869) was the thirteenth Abbasid Caliph. His reign is noted for the martyrdom of Imam al-Hadi (a). The son of al-Mutawakkil al-'Abbasi, he assumed the Caliphate in 252/866. Al-Mu'tazz's rule overlapped with approximately three years of Imam al-Hadi's (a) Imamate and one year of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari's (a) Imamate.

Harboring deep animosity toward the Ahl al-Bayt (a) (Household of the Prophet) and the Shi'a, he imprisoned and executed several of their number. Most Shi'a scholars maintain that Imam al-Hadi (a) was poisoned and martyred on al-Mu'tazz's orders. He also persecuted Imam al-'Askari (a), imprisoning him and, according to some accounts, plotting his assassination. Historical sources record several Shi'a uprisings during his era, notably the Uprising of 'Ali b. Musa b. Isma'il.

Al-Mu'tazz ascended to the throne during the zenith of Turkish dominance over the Caliphate. He attempted to curb their power by executing certain Turkish leaders and cultivating closer ties with Berber and Farghana factions; however, he was ultimately assassinated as a result of a Turkish conspiracy.

Brief Biography

Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. Hārūn, known by the regnal title al-Muʿtazz bi-llāh,[1] served as the thirteenth Abbasid Caliph.[2] Some sources also refer to him as Zubayr[3] or Aḥmad.[4] His teknonym was Abū ʿAbd Allāh.[5] Al-Mu'tazz assumed the Caliphate in 251/865[6] or 252/866[7] succeeding al-Musta'in.[8] His accession occurred thirty-two years into the Imamate of Imam al-Hadi (a).[9]

Born in 232/847 in Samarra,[10] al-Mu'tazz was the son of the tenth Abbasid Caliph, al-Mutawakkil al-'Abbasi.[11] His brother, al-Mu'tamid, later became the fifteenth Caliph.[12] Among his tutors was Ibn al-Sikkīt, who was executed by al-Mutawakkil for his loyalty to the Ahl al-Bayt (a).[13]

Rise to Power

Following a conflict with his cousin and predecessor, al-Musta'in, the latter abdicated in favor of al-Mu'tazz,[14] who then assumed the Caliphate.[15] At nineteen years of age,[16] al-Mu'tazz was the youngest Abbasid Caliph to date.[17]

Some historians characterize al-Mu'tazz as an inexperienced youth lacking political acumen.[18] His reign represents the apogee of Turkish domination, during which the Caliph was little more than a captive puppet of the Turkish military.[19] The extent of Turkish influence and the pervasive danger were such that al-Mu'tazz reportedly carried weapons at all times.[20] He ruled for three years and six months,[21] and is credited with composing poetry on various themes.[22]

Significant events during his Caliphate include the rise of the Tulunids in Egypt under Ahmad b. Tulun[23] and the conquest of Kerman by Ya'qub b. Layth al-Saffari in 255/869.[24]

Murder by the Turks

Al-Mu'tazz was assassinated by Turkish commanders in Rajab[25] or Ramadan 255/869,[26] at the age of 23,[27] and was interred in Samarra.[28]

Regarded as weak in his dealings with the Turks,[29] al-Mu'tazz perceived them as a threat and attempted to curb their power. He cultivated closer ties with Maghrebi and Farghana factions[30] and ordered the execution of two Turkish leaders.[31] These actions incited a Turkish mutiny.[32] The commanders forced his abdication in favor of al-Muhtadi;[33] he was subsequently imprisoned and killed.[34] Al-Mu'tazz was the third Abbasid Caliph to be deposed and the fourth to be killed.[35]

Martyrdom of Imam al-Hadi (a)

Main article: Imam al-Hadi (a)

Imam al-Hadi (a) was poisoned and martyred during al-Mu'tazz's reign,[36] which overlapped with the Imam's tenure for approximately three years. Motivated by deep-seated animosity toward the Ahl al-Bayt (a),[37] as well as the Imam's social standing and popularity, al-Mu'tazz sought his elimination.[38] The Imam (a) was martyred on 3 Rajab 254/868.[39] While some sources attribute the martyrdom to the reign and conspiracy of al-Mu'tamid,[40] others hold that it was carried out on al-Mu'tazz's orders using poison administered by al-Mu'tamid.[41] Researchers attributing the martyrdom to al-Mu'tazz cite various scholars and historians to support this view.[42]

Treatment of Imam Hasan al-Askari (a)

Al-Mu'tazz's reign coincided with the first year of the Imamate of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a).[43] Reports indicate he harbored significant hostility toward Imam al-'Askari (a). Researchers note that the state persecuted the Imam,[44] imprisoning him to ensure isolation and surveillance.[45] Al-Mu'tazz reportedly ordered the jailer to treat the Imam (a) harshly.[46] This severity is attributed to the Imam's (a) knowledge, renown, and social influence, as well as the awareness that he would father the Awaited Imam (a), whom the Shi'a believe will overthrow oppressive rule.[47]

Sources claim al-Mu'tazz plotted to martyr Imam al-'Askari (a),[48] ordering Sa'id al-Hajib to transport the Imam (a) to Kufa and execute him secretly. However, three days after issuing this order, al-Mu'tazz was deposed and killed.[49] It is reported that the Imam (a) had predicted al-Mu'tazz's death to the Shi'a; in response to a companion's letter expressing concern over the plot, the Imam (a) promised relief (*faraj*) within three days.[50] Some historians believe al-Mu'tazz was deposed following Imam al-'Askari's (a) supplication to God for deliverance from his malice.[51]

Treatment of Shias

The political and social situation of the Shi'a, which had relatively stabilized under al-Ma'mun, deteriorated significantly upon the accession of al-Mutawakkil, who subjected them to repression and hostility.[52] This policy continued under al-Mu'tazz,[53] who is noted for his harsh treatment of the Shi'a.[54] Beyond Imam al-Hadi (a), the government imprisoned numerous prominent Shi'as, including Abu Hashim al-Ja'fari (Dawud b. Qasim),[55] Hasan b. Muhammad al-'Aqiqi, Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-'Umari,[56] and Muhammad b. 'Ali al-'Attar.[57]

State violence against the Shi'a included the killing of Ja'far b. Isma'il b. Musa al-Kazim, an Imamiyya missionary in the Maghrib, by Ibn Aghlab, an agent of al-Mu'tazz.[58] Agents of the Caliph also killed Ahmad b. Abd Allah, a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a), while 'Isa b. Isma'il, a descendant of 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far, died in prison.[59] Other victims of al-Mu'tazz's regime included Ja'far b. Muhammad (a descendant of Imam al-Sajjad (a)) in Rayy, Ibrahim b. Muhammad (a descendant of 'Abbas b. 'Ali (a)), and Ahmad b. Muhammad (a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a)), who died in a prison in al-Madina.[60]

Uprisings attributed to Alawids during al-Mu'tazz's time

Historical sources document several Alawid uprisings during al-Mu'tazz's reign.[61] Notable among them was the Uprising of 'Ali b. Musa b. Isma'il, a descendant of Imam al-Kazim (a) and an Imami missionary in Egypt.[62] He was eventually arrested[63] and died in prison.[64] Another revolt was led by Isma'il b. Yusuf, a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a); he was defeated and killed, along with his brother Hasan b. Yusuf and Ja'far b. 'Isa, a descendant of 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far.[65] The Abbasid authorities linked these uprisings to the influence of Imam al-Hadi (a), subsequently imposing severe restrictions on the Imam (a) and his followers.[66]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Shaddād, al-Aʿlāq al-khaṭīra, 1953, vol. 3, p. 700.
  2. ↑ al-Zabīdī, Jadhwat al-iqtibās, 1426 AH, p. 63.
  3. ↑ al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 122; al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 307.
  4. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, pp. 307-308.
  5. ↑ al-Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 500; al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 308.
  6. ↑ Ibn Shaddād, al-Aʿlāq al-khaṭīra, 1953, vol. 3, p. 700.
  7. ↑ al-Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 500; al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425.
  8. ↑ Abū Makhrama, Qilādat al-naḥr, 1428 AH, vol. 2, p. 555.
  9. ↑ A Group of Authors, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Hādī (a), 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 80.
  10. ↑ al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 120; Ibn Shaddād, al-Aʿlāq al-khaṭīra, 1953, vol. 3, p. 700; Ibn al-Fuwaṭī, Majmaʿ al-ādāb, 1416 AH, vol. 5, p. 318.
  11. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 307; Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, vol. 3, p. 319.
  12. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 71, p. 51.
  13. ↑ al-Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 24, footnote.
  14. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 312; Ibn al-Fuwaṭī, Majmaʿ al-ādāb, 1416 AH, vol. 5, p. 318; Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, vol. 1, p. 140.
  15. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, pp. 308-309; Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, vol. 1, pp. 140-141.
  16. ↑ al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, pp. 291-292.
  17. ↑ al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, pp. 291-292; Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, vol. 3, p. 319.
  18. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, p. 262.
  19. ↑ Rafīʿī, Zindagī-yi Aʾimme (a), p. 283.
  20. ↑ Ḥasan, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi Islām, 1376 SH, vol. 3, p. 595.
  21. ↑ al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 292.
  22. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 9, p. 217; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, pp. 293-294.
  23. ↑ al-Samarqandī, Tuḥfat al-ṭālib, 1418 AH, p. 130.
  24. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil, 1385 SH, vol. 7, p. 191.
  25. ↑ al-Dhahabī, al-Iʿlām bi-wafayāt al-aʿlām, 1413 AH, vol. 1, p. 181.
  26. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 310; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Mawrid al-laṭāfa, 1977, vol. 1, p. 166.
  27. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 18, p. 322.
  28. ↑ al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 123.
  29. ↑ al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 292; Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, vol. 3, p. 319.
  30. ↑ al-Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 4, p. 92; Ḥasan, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi Islām, 1376 SH, vol. 3, p. 595, p. 623.
  31. ↑ al-Ḥamawī, Anīs al-muʾminīn, 1363 SH, p. 233; Rafīʿī, Zindagī-yi Aʾimme (a), p. 283.
  32. ↑ Ibn Shaddād, al-Aʿlāq al-khaṭīra, 1953, vol. 3, p. 700; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 292; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Mawrid al-laṭāfa, 1977, vol. 1, p. 164.
  33. ↑ Ibn Taghrībirdī, Mawrid al-laṭāfa, 1977, vol. 1, p. 164; al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 292.
  34. ↑ al-Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, 1417 AH, p. 425; Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil, 1385 AH, vol. 7, p. 195; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 11, p. 16.
  35. ↑ al-Ṣafadī, al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 292.
  36. ↑ al-Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, 1413 AH, p. 409; al-Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, 1381 AH, vol. 2, p. 375.
  37. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, p. 263.
  38. ↑ Rafīʿī, Zindagī-yi Aʾimme (a), p. 278.
  39. ↑ Ṣāfī Gulpāygānī, Muntakhab al-athar, 1422 AH, vol. 2, p. 388; Rafīʿī, Zindagī-yi Aʾimme (a), p. 278.
  40. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 401.
  41. ↑ Taqīzādeh Dāwarī, Taṣwīr-i Imāmān-i Shīʿa, 1385 SH, p. 427.
  42. ↑ A Group of Authors, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Hādī (a), 1424 AH, vol. 1, pp. 90-91.
  43. ↑ Maʿrūf al-Ḥasanī, Zandagānī-yi davāzdah Imām (a), 1382 SH, vol. 2, p. 507.
  44. ↑ Taqīzādeh Dāwarī, Taṣwīr-i Imāmān-i Shīʿa, 1385 SH, p. 441.
  45. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, p. 263.
  46. ↑ al-Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, 1411 AH, p. 208.
  47. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, p. 263.
  48. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, p. 263.
  49. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 431; Maʿrūf al-Ḥasanī, Zandagānī-yi davāzdah Imām (a), 1382 SH, vol. 2, p. 509.
  50. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 431; al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, pp. 263-264.
  51. ↑ al-Qurashī, Zandagānī-yi Imām Ḥasan ʿAskarī (a), 1375 SH, pp. 263-264.
  52. ↑ Rabbānī Gulpāygānī, Darāmadī bi Shīʿa-shināsī, 1385 SH, p. 116.
  53. ↑ Rabbānī Gulpāygānī, Darāmadī bi Shīʿa-shināsī, 1385 SH, p. 116.
  54. ↑ Taqīzādeh Dāwarī, Taṣwīr-i Imāmān-i Shīʿa, 1385 SH, p. 441; Jaʿfariyān, Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa siyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa (a), p. 543.
  55. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa siyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa (a), p. 543.
  56. ↑ al-Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 140.
  57. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Davāzdahum (aj), 1385 SH, p. 54.
  58. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Davāzdahum (aj), 1385 SH, p. 98.
  59. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, p. 525.
  60. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, pp. 525-526.
  61. ↑ Kāshifī Sabzawārī, Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ, 1382 SH, p. 503; Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, Tārīkh-i imāmat, 1386 SH, p. 247.
  62. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Davāzdahum (aj), 1385 SH, p. 86.
  63. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Davāzdahum (aj), 1385 SH, p. 54; Jabbārī, Sāzmān-i wikālat wa naqsh-i ān dar ʿaṣr-i Aʾimme (a), 1382 SH, vol. 1, p. 162.
  64. ↑ al-Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 4, p. 95.
  65. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, pp. 523-525.
  66. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i siyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Davāzdahum (aj), 1385 SH, p. 54.

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