Draft:Consanguineous Mahramiyat
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Consanguineous Mahramiyat (Arabic: مَحرَمیت نَسَبی) refers to the kinship relationship between two individuals who either belong to consecutive generations or are both born from the lineage of a third person.[1] This term is applied in the jurisprudential discussions of marriage (nikah) and inheritance.[2] According to jurists, looking at these women and the revealing of their adornments to these men is permissible,[3] and marrying them is forbidden.[4]
Based on the view of some jurists such as Imam Khomeini and Sayyid Ali Sistani, the lineage (nasab) that creates mahramiyat is divided into two general categories:[5]
1. Canonical Lineage (Nasab Shar'i): This type of lineage is established through three ways:
- Lawful Intercourse: A child born through lawful intercourse,[6] even if it occurs under specific conditions such as during menses or while the woman is in the state of ihram.[7]
- Intercourse by Mistake (Wat' al-Shubha): When a man, under the impression that intercourse is lawful,[8] has sexual intercourse with a woman with whom he has no lawful right to engage.[9] The child resulting from such a relationship has the same rulings as a child born from marriage.[10]
- Artificial Insemination: The birth of a child without intercourse.[11]
2. Non-Canonical Lineage (Nasab Ghayr-Shar'i): Some jurists believe non-canonical lineage is realized through unlawful intercourse.[12] In this view, although the parties involved in zina are not allowed to marry the child resulting from zina, zina is not considered canonical lineage.[13] Furthermore, rulings related to mahramiyat, such as the permissibility of looking, will not apply between these individuals.[14]
According to jurists, seven categories of women are mahram to men through lineage:[15]
- Mother and grandmothers (paternal and maternal)[16]
- Daughter and her descendants (granddaughters and great-granddaughters)[17]
- Sister[18]
- Paternal aunt (father's sister) and paternal aunts of the father and mother[19]
- Maternal aunt (mother's sister) and maternal aunts of the father and mother[20]
- Niece (sister's daughter) and her descendants[21]
- Niece (brother's daughter) and her descendants[22]
Similarly, the father and grandfathers, the son and his descendants, the brother, the sister's son, the brother's son, the paternal uncle, and the maternal uncle (including the paternal/maternal uncles of the father or mother) are mahram to women.[23]
Notes
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238 and vol. 39, p. 7.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, 1423 AH, vol. 2, pp. 317-318.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1421 AH, vol. 2, p. 252; Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Qiblaʾī, "Barrasī-yi aḥkām-i fiqhī wa ḥuqūqī-yi ḥaml wa janīn-i nāshī az zinā wa waṭʾ-i shubha", p. 16.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 38.
- ↑ al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 225.
- ↑ al-Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-afhām, 1413 AH, vol. 7, pp. 202-203.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 224.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 239.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 239.
- ↑ al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 225.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 29, p. 238.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Kitāb al-nikāḥ, 1380-1381 SH, vol. 2, p. 110.
References
- Khomeinī, Rūḥollāh. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Tehran: Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 1421 AH.
- Sīstānī, ʿAlī. Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn. Qom: Office of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid al-Sistani, 1415 AH.
- al-Shahīd al-Thānī. Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmiyya, 1413 AH.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā. Qom: Islamic Publication Office (Society of Seminary Teachers), 1st ed., 1423 AH.
- Qiblaʾī, Khalīl. "Barrasī-yi aḥkām-i fiqhī wa ḥuqūqī-yi ḥaml wa janīn-i nāshī az zinā wa waṭʾ-i shubha". In Du-faṣlnāma-yi Dīdgāhhā-yi Ḥuqūq-i Qaḍāʾī, no. 8, winter 1376 SH.
- al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām. Qom: Ismāʿīliyān, 1408 AH.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Kitāb al-nikāḥ. Qom: Madrasa of Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a), 1380-1381 SH.
- al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-kalām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1362 SH.