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Tayy Tribe
Geography
OriginYemen
ResidenceNajd of Yemen • Kufa • Syria
Well-known Figures
FiguresAdi b. Hatim • Zayd al-Khayr • Hatim al-Ta'i • Ammar b. Hassan al-Ta'i • Umayya b. Sa'd al-Ta'i • Habis b. Sa'd al-Ta'i


The Tayy Tribe is a prominent Qahtani Arab tribe of Yemeni origin. Historical reports indicate that some of its members adopted Shia Islam and served as officials in the Government of Imam Ali (a). The tribe embraced Islam in 9/630-31. The Prophet Muhammad (s) dispatched a military expedition led by Imam Ali (a) to destroy the idol and temple of Fuls. Following the ensuing battle and the defeat of the Tayy tribe, Islam spread throughout the Najd region. During the Apostasy wars that occurred during the caliphate of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa, the Tayy tribe remained steadfast and did not apostatize, largely due to the speeches and enlightenment provided by Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i. Subsequently, a large faction of the Tayyites (members of the Tayy tribe) migrated to Kufa and played a significant role in the Muslim conquests.

Adi b. Hatim, a leading figure of the tribe following the passing of the Prophet (s), became a close companion and military commander in the army of Imam Ali (a). According to the historian Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari, 3,000 Tayyite cavalrymen supported the Imam in the Battle of Jamal. A contingent of Tayyites was also present at the Battle of Siffin. Conversely, some members of the tribe, led by Habis b. Sa'd al-Ta'i, fought in the army of Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. Furthermore, Zayd b. Husayn al-Ta'i, opposing the Imam's view in the Arbitration affair, insisted on the arbitration of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and eventually joined the Khawarij along with other tribesmen. Ahmad Pakatchi, a researcher of Islamic history, posits that the end of Imam Ali's (a) rule marked the decline of the Tayy tribe's political influence.

Following Imam al-Hasan's (a) call to arms against the Syrian army and Mu'awiya, Adi b. Hatim encouraged the populace to support the Imam amidst prevailing silence and lethargy; he was the first to depart for Nukhayla. Ammar b. Hassan al-Ta'i and Umayya b. Sa'd al-Ta'i are listed among the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the martyrs of Karbala. Shaykh al-Tusi also counts Tirimmah b. Adi al-Ta'i among the companions of the Imam and those wounded during the Event of Karbala.

Introduction

The Tayy are a large Qahtani Arab tribe of Yemeni origin, tracing their lineage to Tayy b. Udad.[1] Sources suggest the tribe's original name was Julhuma.[2] During the period of ignorance, a significant number of Tayyites, including Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i, were Christians.[3] Additionally, the tribe venerated an idol named Fuls[4] and was among the few tribes that engaged in warfare even during the Sacred Months.[5] They were considered one of the powerful tribes of the Najd region in southern Arabia.[6]

Hatim al-Ta'i, proverbial for his munificence and generosity, served as the chieftain of the tribe and passed away prior to the advent of Islam.[7] His son, Adi b. Hatim, is also described as a great leader and chief of the tribe during both the Jahiliyya and the Islamic era.[8] Numerous clans of the Tayyites are scattered across northern Hijaz, Iraq, and Syria, most of whom are known today as the Shammar tribes.[9]

Acceptance of Islam

The Tayy tribe converted to Islam in 9/630-31. A delegation of Tayy representatives, led by Zayd al-Khayl, traveled to Medina and embraced Islam in the presence of the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) bestowed gifts upon Zayd al-Khayl and his companions, renaming him Zayd al-Khayr.[10] Prior to Islam, the Tayy tribe worshipped at the temple of the idol Fuls.[11] The Prophet (s) assigned the command of a military expedition to Imam Ali (a) with the objective of destroying it.[12] Following the ensuing battle and the defeat of the Tayyites, Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i fled to Syria. After destroying the temple, the Imam returned to Medina with spoils and prisoners, including Saffana, the sister of Adi b. Hatim. Saffana appealed to the Prophet (s) for her freedom, which he granted.[13] She subsequently became a Muslim, returned to her brother, and recounted the events and the Prophet's benevolent treatment; Adi then traveled to the Prophet (s) and also embraced Islam.[14]

It is reported that in Rajab of 9/630, the Prophet (s) mobilized various tribes, including the Tayy, for the Battle of Tabuk through written correspondence.[15] Furthermore, in 10/631-32, he appointed Adi b. Hatim to collect zakat from the two tribes of Tayy and Bani Asad.[16]

Presence in Battles with Apostates and Islamic Conquests

The Tayy tribe did not apostatize during the Apostasy wars that occurred during the caliphate of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa.[17] Consequently, their religious commitment has been described as steadfast. Moreover, the Prophet's (s) directives to certain Tayyite families are considered indicative of the attention the leader of the Muslims paid to this tribe.[18] Members of the Tayy tribe also participated in confronting and fighting the apostates during Abu Bakr's caliphate. Although they initially contemplated apostasy at the onset of these events, they were dissuaded by the speeches and enlightenment of figures such as Adi b. Hatim. Subsequently, after collecting a substantial amount of zakat in the form of camels, they presented themselves to the caliph and participated in the wars against the apostates.[19]

Following the migration and settlement of the Tayyites in Kufa, it is said that they formed a political alliance with the Madhhij tribe, although they remained independent in battle.[20] Historical reports indicate that Adi b. Hatim and members of the Tayy tribe supported the Islamic caliphate during the Muslim conquests and the expansion of Muslim territories.[21]

Accompaniment with Imam Ali (a) in Government and Battles

Shaykh al-Mufid lists Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i, the chief of the Tayy tribe, among those who pledged allegiance (bay'a) to Imam Ali (a) after the killing of Uthman b. Affan.[22] A faction of the tribe became devoted adherents and Shias of the Imam (a),[23] participating in his government and battles. Abd al-Rahman b. Juz' al-Ta'i served as the Imam's official in the Sistan region, where he was killed.[24] Furthermore, when the Imam set out for Basra and the Battle of Jamal, he appointed Lam b. Ziyad al-Ta'i, the maternal brother of Adi b. Hatim, as the governor of al-Mada'in.[25]

The Tayy tribe was present in the battles during the Government of Imam Ali (a) as follows:

Battle of Jamal

On the eve of the Battle of Jamal, Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i, with the permission of Imam Ali (a), approached the Tayy tribe and requested their assistance; they promptly pledged their support. According to Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari, a Sunni historian, 3,000 Tayyite cavalrymen accompanied the Imam in this battle.[26] A group of them met the Imam in the Rabadha region prior to the conflict to declare their loyalty. Imam Ali (a) prayed for them, praising the Tayy tribe's characteristics: embracing Islam with willingness and desire, fighting the apostates, and providing zakat and financial aid to the Muslims. Sa'id b. Ubayd al-Ta'i stood and spoke of the Imam's truthfulness, citing his virtue and relationship with the Prophet (s), which elicited the Imam's prayer and satisfaction.[27] After the Battle of Jamal, a group of Tayyites settled in Kufa, forming a major demographic branch of the city, where they constructed a mosque named Bani Adi.[28]

Battle of Siffin

According to historical reports, the Tayyites were part of Imam Ali's (a) army in the Battle of Siffin. They displayed great valor and recited rajaz poetry when confronting the Syrian forces.[29] With the Imam's permission, they dispatched an eloquent spokesman to Mu'awiya who, by extolling the status of Imam Ali (a), sought to demoralize Mu'awiya and the Syrians.[30] Adi b. Hatim held the standard and military command of the Tayyites in this battle. Conversely, Habis b. Sa'd al-Ta'i, a prominent tribal figure, supported Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan in the Syrian army, leading a group of his tribesmen.[31] Zayd b. Husayn al-Ta'i insisted on the arbitration of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, opposing the Imam's view in the Arbitration affair.[32] It is said that in this battle, Zayd b. Husayn was a rival to Adi b. Hatim within Imam Ali's (a) army; he later joined the Khawarij along with individuals from the Tayy tribe, such as Turfa b. Adi, the son of Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i.[33] Additionally, Hassan b. Shurayh al-Ta'i[34] and Sa'id b. Ubayd al-Ta'i[35] were among the martyrs of the Battle of Siffin.

Battle of Nahrawan

In 37/657-58, a group of Khawarij killed three women from the Tayy tribe, as well as Abd Allah b. Khabbab b. al-Aratt and his pregnant wife.[36] This incident precipitated the Battle of Nahrawan.[37] On the opposing side, Zayd b. Husayn al-Ta'i, a leader of the Khawarij, designated Nahrawan as their assembly point. He commanded the right wing of the Khawarij army[38] and was killed in that same battle.[39] Ahmad Pakatchi, a researcher of early Islamic history, considers the end of Imam Ali's (a) rule as the marker for the decline of the Tayy tribe's political authority.[40]

Era of Imam al-Hasan (a)

Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i, the chief of the Tayyites during the caliphate of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a), continued to encourage the people to join the Imam's army for jihad against Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan.[41] When the Imam announced his decision to battle Mu'awiya at the Kufa Mosque, Adi urged the people to support the Imam amidst the prevailing silence and lethargy of the populace; he was the first to depart for Nukhayla. Following his lead, a number of the Tayy tribe and other tribes mobilized.[42]

Presence in the Event of Karbala

The Tayy tribe played a minor role in the Event of Karbala and in assisting Imam al-Husayn (a). Ammar (Amir) b. Hassan al-Ta'i[43] and Umayya b. Sa'd al-Ta'i[44] are reported among the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the martyrs of Karbala from the Tayy tribe. Shaykh al-Tusi also counts Tirimmah b. Adi al-Ta'i among the companions of the Imam and those wounded during the event.[45] However, according to a report by Ṭabarī, Tirimmah served as a guide for a group of Kufans seeking to assist Imam al-Husayn (a). He obtained permission from the Imam to deliver provisions to his family and then return. Upon his return, he received the news of the Imam's martyrdom.[46] On the opposing front, Hakim b. Tufayl al-Ta'i is reported among the army of Umar b. Sa'd and is implicated as one of the killers of Hadrat Abbas (a).[47]

According to Mohammad Hadi Yusufi Gharawi (b. 1948), a researcher of Islamic history, Adi b. Hatim al-Ta'i did not participate in either accompanying or opposing the Uprising of al-Mukhtar.[48]

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Template:Shia Families

  1. ↑ Citation 1
  2. ↑ Citation 2
  3. ↑ Citation 3
  4. ↑ Citation 4
  5. ↑ Citation 5
  6. ↑ Citation 6
  7. ↑ Citation 7
  8. ↑ Citation 8
  9. ↑ Citation 2
  10. ↑ Citation 9
  11. ↑ Citation 10
  12. ↑ Citation 10
  13. ↑ Citation 10
  14. ↑ Citation 11
  15. ↑ Citation 12
  16. ↑ Citation 13
  17. ↑ Citation 14
  18. ↑ Citation 15
  19. ↑ Citation 16
  20. ↑ Citation 17
  21. ↑ Citation 18
  22. ↑ Citation 19
  23. ↑ Citation 20
  24. ↑ Citation 21
  25. ↑ Citation 22
  26. ↑ Citation 23
  27. ↑ Citation 24
  28. ↑ Citation 25
  29. ↑ Citation 26
  30. ↑ Citation 27
  31. ↑ Citation 28
  32. ↑ Citation 29
  33. ↑ Citation 28
  34. ↑ Citation 30
  35. ↑ Citation 24
  36. ↑ Citation 31
  37. ↑ Citation 32
  38. ↑ Citation 33
  39. ↑ Citation 34
  40. ↑ Citation 28
  41. ↑ Citation 35
  42. ↑ Citation 36
  43. ↑ Citation 30
  44. ↑ Citation 37
  45. ↑ Citation 38
  46. ↑ Citation 39
  47. ↑ Citation 40
  48. ↑ Citation 41
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