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Draft:Wadīʿa

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Wadīʿa (deposit) is a type of trust (amāna) and a contract by which a person entrusts his property to another to keep it for free; such as leaving shoes at the shoe-keeping section of mosques. Wadīʿa is the title of one of the jurisprudential sections, and jurists consider it a permissible contract ('aqd jāʾiz) that has offer and acceptance (ījāb wa qabūl). Sanity, puberty, free will, and the parties to the contract not being interdicted (maḥjūr) are counted among the conditions of wadīʿa, and in jurisprudential sources, rulings have been stated for it. Protecting the wadīʿa, not disposing of it, and providing the maintenance expenses by the depositor are considered among the obligations of the parties to the contract.

Status and Conceptology

Wadīʿa is a contract by which an individual entrusts his property to another to keep it for free.[1] The depositor is called "mūdiʿ", and the one who accepts it is called "wadaʿī" or "mustawdaʿ".[2]
Wadīʿa is the title of one of the jurisprudential sections[3] for which laws have also been enacted in the Civil Code of Iran.[4] Delivering trusts to the security of offices and leaving shoes at the shoe-keeping section of mosques are counted as instances of this contract.[5]
The word wadīʿa, which is used in the sense of an infinitive (depositing) and a passive participle (deposit),[6] is derived from "w-d-ʿ" and its lexical meaning is considered to be stationary and established.[7]

The Relationship between Wadi'a and Amana (Trust)

Two types of trust (amāna) are stated:

  1. Legal or statutory trust (amānat-i sharʿī yā qānūnī): This refers to a property over which the Lawgiver (shāriʿ) has appointed a person as a trustee, and he is permitted by the Sharia to dispose of that property; such as luqaṭa (found property).[8]
  2. Contractual or owner-initiated trust (amānat-i mālikī yā qarārdādī): In this, the owner voluntarily entrusts his property to another through a contract, and wadīʿa falls into this category;[9] hence, wadīʿa is called trust in the specific sense.[10]

Template:See Also

Conditions of Validity

Shi'a and Sunni jurists have considered wadīʿa to have offer and acceptance (ījāb wa qabūl), which will be valid with any utterance or action from which depositing a wadīʿa and accepting it is understood; hence, entrusting items to cloakrooms and receiving a receipt is considered equivalent to offer and acceptance.[11] Also, sanity, puberty, the parties to the contract not being interdicted (ghayr maḥjūr), and possessing free will are stated as other conditions for the validity of wadīʿa.[12]

Obligations of the Contracting Parties

According to jurists, the one who accepts the wadīʿa must protect the wadīʿa in the manner mentioned in the contract or according to custom (ʿurf)[13] and must not dispose of the wadīʿa without the owner's permission[14] and must return the wadīʿa to him whenever the owner wants.[15]
Also, the depositor must accept the wadīʿa in case of cancellation of the contract[16] and if keeping the wadīʿa entails an expense for the mustawdaʿ (trustee), he must pay it.[17]

Rulings of Wadi'a

In jurisprudential and legal sources, rulings have been mentioned for wadīʿa; including:

  • Accepting a wadīʿa is recommended (mustaḥabb) for someone who has the ability to keep it,[18] but someone who does not have the ability should not accept it.[19]
  • Wadīʿa is a permissible contract ('aqd jāʾiz)[20] and the parties to the contract can cancel it whenever they want,[21] in which case the wadaʿī must return the wadīʿa to its owner as soon as possible.[22]
  • If the wadīʿa is destroyed or damaged, the mustawdaʿ is not liable (ḍāmin), unless he has been negligent in keeping it or has disposed of it without the owner's permission.[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ Imāmī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, Islamiyya Publications, vol. 2, p. 161.
  2. ↑ Imāmī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, Islamiyya Publications, vol. 2, p. 161; Muḥammadī Khurāsānī, Sharḥ tabṣirat al-mutaʿallimīn, 1376 Sh, vol. 2, p. 40.
  3. ↑ Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, al-Khilāf, 1407 AH, vol. 4, p. 169; Shaykh al-Mufīd, al-Muqniʿa, 1413 AH, p. 625.
  4. ↑ Qānūn-i Madanī, Articles 607-634, Islamic Consultative Assembly Research Center.
  5. ↑ Masʾūliyyat-i mūdiʿ dar ʿaqd-i wadīʿa, Dānistanīhā-yi Ḥuqūqī.
  6. ↑ Jazīrī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān et al., al-Fiqh ʿalā l-madhāhib al-arbaʿa, 1419 AH, vol. 3, p. 297.
  7. ↑ Ḥillī, al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 434; ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, 1420 AH, vol. 3, p. 191.
  8. ↑ Muʾassisa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1426 AH, vol. 1, p. 454; Ṭāhirī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, 1418 Sh, vol. 4, p. 342.
  9. ↑ Muʾassisa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1426 AH, vol. 1, p. 453.
  10. ↑ Ṭāhirī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, 1418 Sh, vol. 4, p. 343.
  11. ↑ ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, 1420 AH, vol. 3, pp. 191-192; Jazīrī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān et al., al-Fiqh ʿalā l-madhāhib al-arbaʿa, 1419 AH, vol. 3, pp. 298-299.
  12. ↑ Ṭāhirī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, 1418 Sh, vol. 4, pp. 339-340; Banī Hāshimī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 431.
  13. ↑ Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, vol. 2, pp. 129-130; Iṣfahānī, Wasīlat al-najāt, pp. 420-421, m. 7 & 8.
  14. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Wasīlat al-najāt, Qom, Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works, first edition, 1422 AH, p. 424, m. 20.
  15. ↑ Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, 1420 AH, vol. 3, p. 193, m. 4431.
  16. ↑ Banī Hāshimī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 434, m. 2332.
  17. ↑ Ṭāhirī, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, 1418 Sh, vol. 4, p. 351.
  18. ↑ ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, 1420 AH, vol. 3, p. 199, m. 4439.
  19. ↑ Banī Hāshimī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 433, m. 2330.
  20. ↑ Ḥillī, al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 434; ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, 1420 AH, vol. 3, pp. 191-192.
  21. ↑ Banī Hāshimī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 434, m. 2332.
  22. ↑ Banī Hāshimī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 434, m. 2333.
  23. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya, Islamic Propagation Office Publications, first edition, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 384.

References

  • Iṣfahānī, Sayyid Abu l-Ḥasan, Wasīlat al-najāt, annotated by Imam Khumaynī, Qom, Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works, first edition, 1422 AH.
  • Imāmī, Sayyid Ḥasan, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, Tehran, Islamiyya Publications, n.d.
  • Banī Hāshimī Khumaynī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marājiʿ, Qom, Islamic Publications Office, eighth edition, 1424 AH.
  • Jazīrī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān et al., al-Fiqh ʿalā l-madhāhib al-arbaʿa wa madhhab Ahl al-Bayt wifqan li-madhhab Ahl al-Bayt (ʿalayhim al-salām), Beirut, Dar al-Thaqalayn, first edition, 1419 AH.
  • Ḥillī, Ibn Idrīs, al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī, ed. Mūsawī, Ḥasan b. Aḥmad, Ibn Masīḥ, Abu l-Ḥasan, Qom, Islamic Publications Office, second edition, 1410 AH.
  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī, al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya fī sharḥ al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqiyya, commentator: Sulṭān al-ʿUlamāʾ, Ḥasan b. Muḥammad, Qom, Islamic Propagation Office Publications, first edition, 1412 AH.
  • Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, al-Khilāf, ed. Khurāsānī, ʿAlī, Shahristānī, Sayyid Jawād, Ṭāhā Najaf, Mahdī, ʿIrāqī, Mujtabā, Qom, Islamic Publications Office, first edition, 1407 AH.
  • Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Nuʿmān, al-Muqniʿa, Qom, World Congress of the Millennium of Shaykh Mufid, first edition, 1413 AH.
  • Ṭāhirī, Ḥabīb Allāh, Ḥuqūq-i madanī, Islamic Publications Office, Qom, second edition, 1418 Sh.
  • ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-Imāmiyya, ed. Bahādurī, Ibrāhīm, Imam al-Sadiq (a) Institute, Qom, first edition, 1420 AH.
  • Qānūn-i Madanī, Islamic Consultative Assembly Research Center, accessed: Bahman 10, 1401 Sh.
  • Muʾassisa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt (a), Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, first edition, 1426 AH.
  • Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. Ḥasan, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām, ed. Baqqāl, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʿAlī, Qom, Isma'iliyan Institute, second edition, 1408 AH.
  • Muḥammadī Khurāsānī, ʿAlī, Sharḥ tabṣirat al-mutaʿallimīn, Qom, Dar al-Fikr, 1376 Sh.
  • Mishkīnī, Mīrzā ʿAlī, Muṣṭalaḥāt al-fiqh, Qom, Nashr-i Al-Hadi, third edition, 1381 Sh.
  • Mūsawī Bujnūrdī, Sayyid Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, Qawāʿid-i fiqhiyya, Tehran, Uruj Institute, third edition, 1401 AH.
  • Masʾūliyyat-i mūdiʿ dar ʿaqd-i wadīʿa, Dānistanīhā-yi Ḥuqūqī, accessed: Bahman 10, 1401 Sh.
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