Jump to content

Draft:White Marriage

Add links
From wikishia

Template:Infobox Rulings White Marriage (Persian: ازدواج سفید) refers to a cohabitation and sexual relationship between a man and a woman outside the framework of marriage. In Western culture, this is known as cohabitation. According to Shi'a jurists, this relationship is Haram and does not constitute a valid religious marriage (sharʿī) because the necessary conditions for marriage, such as reciting the marriage formula, are not observed. Consequently, the parties involved have no commitment to the legal effects of a religious marriage, such as inheritance, maintenance, and 'Idda (waiting period).

Consequences such as increased infidelity, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and threats to the foundation of the family have been cited for White Marriage. Lack of parental supervision over children and the rising age of marriage are considered grounds for the prevalence of such a phenomenon. Solutions proposed to counter it include facilitating marriage, creating employment, and temporary marriage.

White Marriage or Cohabitation

White Marriage is a type of emotional and sexual bond between a man and a woman formed without observing the criteria of religious marriage, such as reciting the marriage formula.[1] This type of relationship is also known as cohabitation, living together, and bed-sharing. It is said that the reason for naming this relationship "White Marriage" is that the identity documents (Shenasnameh) of the man and woman remain white (unmarked by marriage registration).[2] This term did not exist in Western culture; rather, this relationship is known as "cohabitation".[3]

Difference from Religious Marriage

White Marriage differs from religious marriage in several aspects. For instance, reciting the formula, determining the Mahr (dowry), observing the 'Idda, and the guardian's permission for the marriage of a virgin girl are conditions of a religious marriage that do not exist in White Marriage.[4] Furthermore, marriage has legal effects such as inheritance between spouses, Mahr, and Nafaqah, which this relationship lacks.[5] Even in Nikah al-Mu'ati (marriage by mutual conduct), where the marriage formula is not recited, the declaration of will and consent to the contract is established by other means such as writing or gestures.[6]

History

The prevalence of White Marriage in Islamic societies is attributed to the influence of Western societies.[7] It is said that in the late 1960s, developments occurred in Europe and America known as the "Sexual Revolution," during which many deviations became common in the name of sexual freedom. Cohabitation is considered one of the practices that became prevalent due to these changes and gradually spread to other societies.[8]

Fiqh Ruling

In the view of Shi'a jurists, White Marriage is Haram and constitutes Zina (adultery/fornication).[9] Based on an inquiry (istifta) made in 1397 Sh/2018-19 to marja's such as Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Naser Makarem Shirazi, Husayn Nuri Hamadani, Ja'far Subhani, Sayyid Musa Shubayri Zanjani, and Lutf Allah Safi Gulpaygani, they ruled on the prohibition of White Marriage.[10]

Some consider White Marriage illegal in Iran, citing Article 1062 of the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which explicitly stipulates the necessity of the marriage formula.[11]

Factors, Consequences, and Solutions

Emotional needs, lack of family supervision over children's behavior, rejection by families, and the rising marriage age for girls are considered factors in the prevalence of White Marriage.[12] Additionally, the following consequences have been stated for White Marriage:

Solutions such as facilitating marriage, creating employment, cultivating a culture of responsibility, and temporary marriage have been proposed to reduce this social phenomenon.[18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Bustān, Jāmiʿa-shināsī-yi khāniwāda, p. 63; Muḥammadī Aṣl, "Jinsīyyat wa izdiwāj-i safīd", p. 20.
  2. ↑ Raḥmat Ābādī & Kārīzī, "Izdiwāj-i safīd; payāmadhā wa khaṭarāt", p. 79.
  3. ↑ Nuṣratī et al., "Izdiwāj-i safīd az manẓar-i fiqhī ḥuqūqī", p. 92.
  4. ↑ Jaʿfarzāda Kūchakī & Ṣadīqī, "Barrasī-yi tafāwuthā...", p. 15; Rashīdīnijād & Wāḥid Yārījān, "Wujūh-i tafāwut wa tashābuh...", p. 84.
  5. ↑ Arjmand Dānish et al., "Māhiyyat, mashrūʿiyyat wa āthār-i izdiwāj-i safīd", p. 15.
  6. ↑ Hidāyat-niyā, "Nikāḥ-i muʿāṭātī az manẓar-i fiqh", p. 205; Ṣādiqī Tihrānī, Risāla-yi tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i nuvīn, p. 281.
  7. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", p. 46; Raḥmat Ābādī & Kārīzī, "Izdiwāj-i safīd; payāmadhā wa khaṭarāt", pp. 81–82.
  8. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", p. 47; Raḥmat Ābādī & Kārīzī, "Izdiwāj-i safīd; payāmadhā wa khaṭarāt", pp. 81–82; Nuṣratī et al., "Izdiwāj-i safīd az manẓar-i fiqhī ḥuqūqī", p. 90; Shikār Baygī et al., "Barsākht-i ijtimāʿī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd", p. 69.
  9. ↑ Dāwūdī, "Hambāshī yā izdiwāj-i safīd hamān zinā ast".
  10. ↑ Arjmand Dānish et al., "Māhiyyat, mashrūʿiyyat wa āthār-i izdiwāj-i safīd", p. 20.
  11. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", p. 50.
  12. ↑ Shikār Baygī et al., "Barsākht-i ijtimāʿī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd", p. 95.
  13. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", pp. 57–58; Afrāz, "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān", p. 121.
  14. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", pp. 55–57; Afrāz, "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān", p. 121.
  15. ↑ Afrāz, "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān", p. 122.
  16. ↑ Afrāz, "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān", p. 122.
  17. ↑ Afrāz, "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān", p. 122.
  18. ↑ Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī et al., "Āthār wa payāmadhā...", pp. 60–63; Ātash Afrūz, "Rāhkārhā-yi fiqh-i Shīʿa...".

References

Bibliography

  • Afrāz, Ṣabā. "Izdiwāj-i safīd wa payāmadhā-yi ān". Majalla-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ḥuqūq. Vol. 30 (New Series), Autumn 1401 Sh.
  • Aḥmadī, Zuhayr. Safīd siyāh: taḥlīl wa barrasī-yi abʿād-i padīda-yi naẓuhūr (izdiwāj-i safīd) bā rūykardī dīnī wa rawān-shinākhtī. Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Āmūzishī Pizhūhishī-yi Imām Khumaynī, 1399 Sh.
  • Allāhī Panāh, Farīda. Barrasī-yi fiqhī ḥuqūqī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd. Turbat Heydarieh, Chashm Andāz-i Quṭb, 1403 Sh.
  • Arjmand Dānish, Jaʿfar; ʿArabiyān, Aṣghar; Āyatī, Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. "Māhiyyat, mashrūʿiyyat wa āthār-i izdiwāj-i safīd". Majalla-yi Fiqh wa Mabānī-yi Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī. No. 4, Winter 1397 Sh.
  • Ātash Afrūz, Muḥarram. "Rāhkārhā-yi fiqh-i Shīʿa dar muwājiha bā padīda-yi izdiwāj-i safīd". Pāygāh-i Takhaṣṣuṣī-yi Fiqh-i Ḥukūmatī-yi Wasāʾil. Posted: 22 Azar 1396 Sh. Accessed: 8 Azar 1402 Sh.
  • Bājalānī, Fāṭima. Izdiwāj-i safīd: rūykardhā wa payāmadhā-yi ḥuqūqī wa jāmiʿa-shinākhtī-yi Īrān. Tehran, Sanjish wa Dānish, 1397 Sh.
  • Bakhshī Pūr, Bahrām. Izdiwāj, safīd yā siyāh. Tehran, Jāmiʿa Pizhūhān-i Burnā, 1401 Sh.
  • Bustān, Ḥusayn. Jāmiʿa-shināsī-yi khāniwāda bā nigāhī bi manābiʿ-i Islāmī. Qom, Pizhūhishgāh-i Ḥawza wa Dānishgāh, 1392 Sh.
  • Dāwūdī, Saʿīd. "Hambāshī yā izdiwāj-i safīd hamān zinā ast/ Naẓar-i Āyatullāh Shubayrī Zanjānī darbāra-yi muʿāṭāt". Sāyt-i Shabaka-yi Ijtihād. Posted: 14 Esfand 1400 Sh. Accessed: 4 Azar 1402 Sh.
  • Hidāyat-niyā, Farajullāh. "Nikāḥ-i muʿāṭātī az manẓar-i fiqh". Majalla-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Rāhburdī-yi Zanān. No. 40, Summer 1387 Sh.
  • Jaʿfarzāda Kūchakī, ʿAlīriḍā; Ṣadīqī, Fāṭima. "Barrasī-yi tafāwuthā wa hamsūyīhā-yi izdiwāj-i safīd bā nikāḥ-i muʿāṭātī az manẓar-i fiqh-i Imāmiyya". Hamāyish-i Pizhūhishhā-yi Dīnī, ʿUlūm-i Islāmī, Fiqh wa Ḥuqūq dar Īrān wa Jahān-i Islām. Vol. 2, Spring 1398 Sh.
  • Maghribī Kata Shamshīrī, Muḥammad; Sajjādī, Zahrā; Mukhliṣī, Fāṭima. "Āthār wa payāmadhā-yi ḥuqūqī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd dar Īrān". Pizhūhishhā-yi Islāmī-yi Zan wa Khāniwāda. No. 1, Autumn and Winter 1398 Sh.
  • Muḥammadī Aṣl, ʿAbbās. "Jinsīyyat wa izdiwāj-i safīd". Majalla-yi Guzārish. No. 263, Mehr 1393 Sh.
  • Nuṣratī, ʿAlī; Ḥusaynī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim; Lashanī, Mūsā. "Izdiwāj-i safīd az manẓar-i fiqhī ḥuqūqī". Muṭālaʿāt-i Rāhburdī-yi Zanān. No. 91, Spring 1400 Sh.
  • Raḥmat Ābādī, Aʿẓam; Kārīzī, Ilhām. "Izdiwāj-i safīd; payāmadhā wa khaṭarāt". Pizhūhishhā-yi Nuvīn dar Gustara-yi Tārīkh, Farhang wa Tamaddun-i Shīʿa. No. 1, Autumn and Winter 1396 Sh.
  • Rashīdīnijād, Zahrā; Wāḥid Yārījān, Yūnus. "Wujūh-i tafāwut wa tashābuh-i izdiwāj-i muwaqqat bā padīda-yi izdiwāj-i safīd". Nāma-yi Ilāhiyyāt. No. 48, Autumn 1398 Sh.
  • Raḍawī, Laṭīf. Izdiwāj-i safīd wa hambāshī dar Īrān wa jahān. Tehran, Āmūzish-i Bartar, 1401 Sh.
  • Riḍāyī Ṣaff Fūmanī, Murtaḍā. Taḥlīl-i ḥuqūqī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd wa jurm-angārī-yi ʿadam-i thabt-i izdiwāj. Tehran, 1402 Sh.
  • Ṣādiqī, Muḥammad Jawād. Izdiwāj-i safīd yā hambāshī-yi siyāh. Khorasan Razavi, Jālīz, 1399 Sh.
  • Ṣādiqī Tihrānī, Muḥammad. Risāla-yi tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i nuvīn. Tehran, Umīd-i Fardā, 1387 Sh.
  • Shikār Baygī, ʿĀliya; Amjadī, Farzāna; Maʿdanī, Saʿīd. "Barsākht-i ijtimāʿī-yi izdiwāj-i safīd". Pizhūhishhā-yi Jāmiʿa-shinākhtī. Year 14, No. 1 & 2, Spring and Summer 1399 Sh.

Template:Family Jurisprudence

Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Draft:White_Marriage&oldid=198895"