Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore
Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore (1175/1761 – 1214/1799) is the title of the period of the local and Shi'a rule of Ḥaydar 'Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the Mysore region of southern India in the 18th century. The term "Khudadad" (God-given) indicates the religious legitimacy of the government and the connection between political power and divine will. Both Haydar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan had Shi'a tendencies, held respect for Imam Ali (a), and fought against British colonialism.
Rise and Fall of the Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore
Haydar 'Ali Khan Bahadur, a military commander, seized power from the Hindu "Wadiyar" family in the Mysore region of southern India in 1175/1761. By declaring independence, he became the founder of the Shi'a government titled the Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore.[1] He captured Bednore, renamed it Hydernagar, and declared it the capital of the Mysore government.[2] One of his actions was fighting against British colonialism,[3] and in 1179/1765, he attacked the farthest points of Malabar, India, to support Muslims.[4]
After the death of Haydar 'Ali Khan Bahadur, his son, Fath 'Ali Khan Bahadur, known as Tipu Sultan, Tipu Sahib, and the Tiger of Mysore, took power in 1197/1782 and ruled.[5] Tipu Sultan fought the British East India Company several times and achieved victories in some of them, but eventually, he lost his life in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in the Battle of Seringapatam in 1214/1799, and the Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore ended.[6]
Meaning of "Khudadad" in the Mysore Sultanate
The word "Khudadad" in Persian and Urdu means "given by God" or "divine gift". Choosing this title for the government of Haydar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan was a kind of religious legitimization; meaning a government that has been granted to them by God.[7]
Manifestations of Shi'ism in the Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore
Muhammad Husayn Muzaffar (1312/1895 – 1381/1961), a Shi'a jurist, in the book Tarikh al-Shi'a (History of Shi'a), has made a brief reference to the Shi'a government of Mysore and its two rulers.[8] Haydar 'Ali had extraordinary devotion and respect for Imam Ali (a) and had a ring with the engraving "Lā fatā illā ʿAlī lā sayf illā Dhū l-Fiqār".[9] His son, Tipu Sultan, also paid great respect to Imam Ali (a).[10]
Monographs
The book Tārīkh-i salṭanat-i Khudādād-i Maysūr[11] in Urdu, specifically about the Khudadad Sultanate of Mysore, and the book Zindagī-yi ijtimāʿī - iqtiṣādī-yi Shīʿa-yi Ithnā ʿAsharī bā takiya bi shahr-i Maysūr dar Hind (Socio-Economic Life of Twelver Shi'as with a Focus on the City of Mysore in India)[12] in Persian, have been published about the Shi'as of Mysore.
Notes
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 73.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 73.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 73.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 74.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 75.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 77.
- ↑ Maḥmūd Bangalūrī, Tārīkh-i salṭanat-i Khudādād-i Maysūr, p. 342.
- ↑ Muẓaffar, Tārīkh al-Shīʿa, p. 247.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 80.
- ↑ ʿAqīlī, "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr...", p. 80.
- ↑ Maḥmūd Bangalūrī, Tārīkh-i salṭanat-i Khudādād-i Maysūr, Lahore, Maktaba-yi ʿĀliya, 1995.
- ↑ Jaʿfarpūr, Zindagī-yi ijtimāʿī - iqtiṣādī-yi Shīʿa-yi Ithnā ʿAsharī..., Tehran, Arshadan, 1401 Sh.
References
- ʿAqīlī, Sayyid Aḥmad; et al. "ʿAmalkard-i ḥukūmat-i maḥallī-yi Maysūr dar qibāl-i dawlat-i Ingilīs wa ṭarḥ-i andīsha-yi muqāwamat wa ittiḥād-i Islāmī". Muṭālaʿāt-i Tārīkhī-yi Jang, no. 4, 1401 Sh.
- Jaʿfarpūr, Jalāl. Zindagī-yi ijtimāʿī - iqtiṣādī-yi Shīʿa-yi Ithnā ʿAsharī bā takiya bi shahr-i Maysūr dar Hind. Tehran, Arshadan, 1401 Sh.
- Maḥmūd Bangalūrī, Maḥmūd Khān. Tārīkh-i salṭanat-i Khudādād-i Maysūr. Lahore, Maktaba-yi ʿĀliya, 2nd ed, 1995.
- Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tārīkh al-Shīʿa. Beirut, Dār al-Zahrāʾ, 1408 AH.
- Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tārīkh-i Shīʿa. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir Ḥujjatī. Tehran, Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1368 Sh.