Al-Fusul al-Gharawiyya fi al-usul al-fiqhiyya (Book)

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Al-Fusul al-Gharawiyya fi al-usul al-fiqhiyya (Book)
AuthorMuhammad Husayn al-Ha'iri al-Isfahani
Original titleالفُصولُ الغَرَویَّة فی الاُصول الفِقهیَّة
LanguageArabic
Series1 vol.
SubjectPrinciples of jurisprudence
Published1404/1983-4
PublisherDar al-Ihya' al-'Ulum al-Islamiyya


Al-Fuṣūl al-Gharawīyya fī l-uṣul al-fiqhīyya (Arabic: الفُصولُ الغَرَویَّة فی الاُصول الفِقهیَّة) is a book on the principles of jurisprudence in Arabic, authored by Muhammad Husayn al-Ha'iri al-Isfahani, renowned as the Author of al-Fusul, a prominent Shi'a jurist in the thirteenth/nineteenth century. The book served as a textbook in Shi'a seminary schools. Aqa Buzurg Tihrani mentions fifteen commentaries on this work.

Al-Fusul comprises one introduction and three parts. The introduction delves into defining the discipline of principles of jurisprudence, coinage (wad'), literal and figurative speech, Sharia-engendered literal meanings (al-haqiqat al-shar'iyya), and literal meanings engendered by Sharia-abiding individuals (al-haqiqat al-mutasharri'a). It also explores the denotation of words pertaining to acts of worship and transactions, distinguishing between valid actions (sahih) and inclusive meanings (a'amm) encompassing both valid and invalid (batil) actions, as well as the issue of derivatives (mushtaqq). The first part addresses issues such as the denotation of the imperative form (sighat al-amr), varieties of obligation, prohibition, and cases where there is a command and a prohibition regarding the same act (ijtima' al-amr wa-l-nahy). The second part delves into the authoritativeness of the Qur'an, consensus (ijma'), single-narrator hadiths (khabr al-wahid), and the authoritativeness of the actions, endorsements, and silence of Infallibles. Lastly, the third part elucidates rational reasons, ijtihad, taqlid (imitation), and considerations of balance and preferences (al-ta'adul wa-l-tarajih).

The book al-Fusul was published in 1232/1816-7 and has had various editions. A manuscript of the book, transcribed in 1249/1833-4, is preserved in the Library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi in Qom, Iran.

Significance of the Book

Al-Fusul al-Gharawiyya fi l-usul al-fiqhiyya served as a textbook in Shi'a seminary schools, focusing on the discipline of the principles of jurisprudence. Widely recognized among scholars, the book garnered significant acclaim.[1] Reportedly, due to its renown, its author came to be commonly referred to as the Author of al-Fusul.[2]

Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Khwansari, the author of the book Rawdat al-jannat, extols al-Fusul as the finest work on the discipline of the principles of jurisprudence, lauding its profound insights.[3] Since it was widely taught in Shi'a seminary schools, the book attracted numerous comments and critiques, including those from al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari, who frequently addressed the theories developed in al-Fusul in his Rasa'il. Reportedly, there are seventy occasions in Kifayat al-usul where Muhammad Kazim Khurasani touched upon the views presented in al-Fusul.[4]

Author

Muhammad Husayn b. 'Abd al-Rahim al-Isfahani al-Ha'iri (d. 1254/1838[5] or circa 1261/1845[6]) was a Shi'a scholar of jurisprudence and its principles in the thirteenth/nineteenth century.[7] He was a student of his older brother Muhammad Taqi al-Isfahani, the author of Hidayat al-mustarshidin, and 'Ali b. Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita'.[8] He taught jurisprudence and its principles in Karbala.[9] He was a Shi'a authority.[10]

The author of al-Fusul reportedly had numerous students, including Sayyid Husayn Kuhkamara'i, al-Sayyid 'Ali Naqi al-Tabataba'i, al-Sayyid Zayn al-'Abidin al-Tabataba'i and Muhammad Husayn Al Yasin.[11] He served as the imam of congregational prayers in the holy shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a) and was buried there.[12]

The Book’s Content and Structure

The book al-Fusul comprises 120 chapters and specific sections titled "admonitions" (tanbih).[13] As stated on the first page of the book, it consists of an introduction, certain essays, and an epilogue.[14] In the introduction, the author states the book introduces and critiques the theories proposed in Qawanin al-usul in response to a request from one of his erudite friends.[15] The introduction covers various issues such as the definition of the discipline of principles of jurisprudence, coinage, literal and figurative meanings, Sharia-engendered literal meanings, those engendered by Sharia-abiding individuals, the use of words pertaining to worship and transactions in their valid instances or both valid and invalid instances, and derivatives.[16] Throughout the book, the author organizes various sections and issues under "chapters" (fasl).[17]

The first essay encompasses issues such as the imperative form, prerequisites for obligations (muqaddimat al-wajib), opposites, types of obligations, sufficiency (ijza'), cases where the same act is both commanded and prohibited, implications or implicatures (mafahim), general ('amm) and specific (khass), unconstrained (mutlaq) and constrained (muqayyad), ambiguous (mujmal) and elucidated (mubayyan), and abrogation (naskh).[18] The second essay delves into the authoritativeness of the Quran, consensus, single-narrator hadiths, as well as the authoritativeness of actions, endorsements, and the silence of Infallibles. The third essay addresses issues pertaining to rational reasons such as rational goodness and badness (al-husn wa-l-qubh al-'aqli), absolution (al-bara'a), presumption of continuity (al-istishab), ijtihad, taqlid, and the balance and preferences.[19] According to Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Khwansari, al-Fusul does not cover all the issues of the principles of jurisprudence.[20]

Commentaries on the Book

In his al-Dhari'a, Aqa Buzurg Tihrani (1389/1970), a Shi'a bibliographer, lists fifteen glosses on the book al-Fusul.[21] However, he notes that most of these glosses do not cover all the issues within the book.[22] Glosses:

  1. Hashiya Shaykh Ahmad Shirazi Shanasaz
  2. Hashiya Mirza Muhammad Baqir Qadi Tabataba'i
  3. Hashiya Sayyid Isma'il Marandi
  4. Hashiya Muhammad Hassan Kubbah
  5. Hashiya Muhammad Rida Dizfuli
  6. Hashiya Sayyid Sadiq Sangilaji Tihrani
  7. Hashiya Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Lahiji
  8. Hashiya Muhammad Ali Qaracha Daghi
  9. Hashiya Muhammad Amuli
  10. Hashiya Mirza Muhammad Tunikabuni
  11. Hashiya Sayyid Muhammad Tabrizi
  12. Hashiya Mirza Nasr Allah Shirazi
  13. Hashiya Ali Marandi Najafi
  14. Hashiya Mawla Isma'il Qara Baghi
  15. Hashiya Mirza Fath Allah Namazi[23]

Commentaries:

  • Miftah al-muqfalat al-usul fi tawdih mu'dalat al-fusul, by Sayyid Hasan b. Sayyid Ahmad Kashani.[24]
  • Daqa'iq al-usul fi sharh al-fusul, by Muhammad Nabi b. Ahmad Tuysirkani.[25]

Summary

  • Khulasat al-fusul fi 'ilm al-usul by al-Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr (d. 1373/1953) in Arabic: In this book, al-Sadr reportedly provided a summary of al-Fusul, intending his summary to replace both al-Fusul itself and al-Qawanin as textbooks in Shi'a seminary schools. This was due to seminary students studying only parts of al-Fusul because of its excessive length.[26]

Publication

The book al-Fusul was first published in 1232/1816-7.[27] Manuscripts of the book are also available in some libraries.[28] Two notable manuscripts are as follows:

1. The manuscript in the Library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi, numbered 3424: It was transcribed by 'Abd al-Wahhab b. Abu al-Qasim al-Radawi al-Hamadani, a student of the author. It was transcribed on Rabi' al-Thani 19, 1249/September 5, 1833, in Najaf, Iraq. The manuscript was proofread and edited by his brother Mirza Abu Turab.

2. The manuscript in the Library of Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpayigani, numbered 9428: It was transcribed in broken or cursive Nastaliq (shikasta nasta'liq) calligraphy by Muhammad Taqi b. Muhammad Isma'il al-Astarabadi al-Jurjani, another student of the author. It was completed on Safar 14, 1252/May 31, 1836, in Najaf.[29]

There are various editions of the work, including those published by Matba'at al-Adab in Najaf, Dar Ihya' al-'Ulum al-Islamiyya in Qom, and Mulla Fadl Allah Factory.

Moreover, bibliographic records list ten lithographical prints of al-Fusul,[30] including the following:

  • Tehran, 1261 AH, with the handwriting of Muhammad Rida b. Abi l-Qasim, in folio size.
  • Tehran, 1266 AH, with the handwriting of Mahmud b. Ghulamrida Qummi.
  • Tehran, 1269-1270 AH, edited and proofread by Muhammad Hasan b. Hajj 'Ali Qummi, with the handwriting of Muhammad Sadiq Abu al-Hasan Gulpayigani (first volume) and 'Ali Akbar b. 'Ali Gulpayigani (second volume).
  • Tehran, 1274 AH, facilitated by Aqa Musa Tihrani and with the handwriting of Mahdi Khwansari.

Notes

  1. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  2. ↑ Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri Isfahani (Sahib fusul) (Persian).
  3. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  4. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri (Sahib fusul) (Persian).
  5. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 6, p. 164.
  6. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  7. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 9, p. 233.
  8. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 9, p. 233.
  9. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  10. ↑ Irawānī, al-Uṣūl fī ʿilm al-uṣūl, vol. 1, p. 97.
  11. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri (Sahib fusul) (Persian).
  12. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  13. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri (Sahib fusul) (Persian).
  14. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 1.
  15. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 1.
  16. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 447.
  17. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 447.
  18. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 447.
  19. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya, p. 447.
  20. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 126.
  21. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 6, p. 164-167.
  22. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 6, p. 164.
  23. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 6, p. 167.
  24. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 21, p. 350.
  25. ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 8, p. 234.
  26. ↑ Riḍāʾī, Sayyid Ṣadr al-Dīn Ṣadr; Qulla-yi tawāḍuʿ, p. 58.
  27. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri (Sahib fusul) (Persian).
  28. ↑ Qāsimī, Aḥwāl wa āthār-i Shaykh Muḥammad Taqī Rāzī Najafī Iṣfahānī, p. 118.
  29. ↑ Qāsimī, Aḥwāl wa āthār-i Shaykh Muḥammad Taqī Rāzī Najafī Iṣfahānī, p. 119.
  30. ↑ Qāsimī, Aḥwāl wa āthār-i Shaykh Muḥammad Taqī Rāzī Najafī Iṣfahānī, p. 119.

References

  • Amīn, al-Sayyid Muḥsin al-.Aʿyān al-Shīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1421 AH.
  • Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿa. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, 1408 AH.
  • Ḥāʾirī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Fuṣūl al-gharawīyya fī al-uṣūl al-fiqhīyya. Qom: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmīyya, 1404 AH.
  • Irawānī, ʿAlī. Al-Uṣūl fī ʿilm al-uṣūl. Qom: Muʾassisa Nashr-i Islāmī, 1420 AH.
  • Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Rawḍāt al-jannāt fī aḥwāl al-ʿulamā wa al-sādāt. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, 1390 Sh.
  • Qāsimī, Raḥīm. Aḥwāl wa āthār-i Shaykh Muḥammad Taqī Rāzī Najafī Iṣfahānī wa khāndānash. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Kitābshināsī Shīʿa, 1394 Sh.
  • Riḍāʾī, Muḥammad. Sayyid Ṣadr al-Dīn Ṣadr, qulla-yi tawāḍuʿ. In Farhang-i Kawthar 16 (1377 Sh).
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Mawsūʿat ṭabaqāt al-fuqahāʾ. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH.
  • شیخ محمد حسین حائری اصفهانی (صاحب فصول) (Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri Isfahani (Sahib fusul) (Persian)). Accessed: 2021/03/28.
  • محمد حسین حائری(صاحب فصول) (Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri (Sahib fusul) (Persian)). Accessed: 2021/03/28.
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