Culpable Ignorant
Culpable ignorant or al-jāhil al-muqaṣṣir (Arabic: الجاهِل المُقَصِّر) is a person who does not know the rulings and obligations of the shari'a as a result of his own negligence and fault. According to Shiite scholars, a culpable ignorant will be punished in the hereafter. The jurists believe that worships performed by a culpable ignorant are acceptable if they happen to match the fatwas of their marja' or the de facto obligations.
Definition
In usul al-fiqh, an ignorant (jahil) is said to be of two types: inculpable (al-jahil al-qasir) and culpable.[1] A culpable ignorant is a person who does not know the rulings and obligations in the shari'a, although he had the power to learn them.[2]
Worships
Shiite jurists hold that worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable if they match the views of his or her marja' or the de facto obligation and are done with the intention of approaching God (qasd al-qurba).[3] Jurists have appealed to certain hadiths to show that in two specific cases, the worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable even if they do not match his or her de facto obligations.[4] The two specific cases are as follows:
- The case in which he or she should perform a Qasr Prayer but performs it fully.
- The case in which he or she should say the prayer quietly but says it loudly, or vice versa (he or she should say the prayer loudly but says it quietly).[5]
Punishment
Shiite scholars hold that a culpable ignorant deserves punishments in the hereafter.[6]
There are different theories about the ground of his or her punishment:[7]
- The majority of jurists maintain that a culpable ignorant will be punished because of failing to do his or her de facto obligations.[8]
- According to al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili and Sahib al-Madarik, God will punish the culpable ignorant because he or she failed to learn the obligations, rather than failing to do his or her de facto obligations.[9]
See Also
Notes
- ↑ Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, vol. 3, p. 153.
- ↑ Wilāyī, Farhang-i tashrīḥī, vol. 1, p. 241.
- ↑ Najafī, Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil, vol. 1, p. 41.
- ↑ Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 374.
- ↑ Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 374.
- ↑ Subḥānī, Masāʾil-i jadīd-i kalāmī, vol. 1, p. 333.
- ↑ Pūr Allāhyār, "Barrasī-yi masʾūlīyat-i jāhil bi qānūn", p. 37.
- ↑ Mūsawī Bujnurdī, ʿIlm-i uṣūl, p. 85.
- ↑ Mūsawī Bujnurdī, ʿIlm-i uṣūl, p. 86.
References
- Group of authors. Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm wa Farhang-i Islāmī, 1389 Sh.
- Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt (a). Qom: Markaz Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1382 Sh.
- Mūsawī Bujnurdī, Sayyid Muḥammad. ʿIlm-i uṣūl. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Chāp Wa Nashr-i ʿUrūj, 1379 Sh.
- Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil. Mashhad: Muʾassisa-yi Ḥaḍrat-i Ṣāḥib al-Zamān, 1373 Sh.
- Pūr Allāhyār, Ḥasan. 1385 Sh. "Barrasī-yi masʾūlīyat-i jāhil bi qānūn dar Iran." Nashrīya-yi ʿAllāma 9:31-54.
- Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Masāʾil-i jadīd-i kalāmī. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1382 Sh.
- Wilāyī, ʿIsā. Farhang-i tashrīḥī-yi iṣṭilāḥāt-i uṣūl-i fiqh. Tehran: Nashr-i Niy, 1373 Sh.