Mustabsir
A mustabṣir (Arabic: المُستَبصِر) is someone who has converted from another religion or sect to the Twelver Shia faith. The issue of the "mustabsir" is discussed extensively in hadith books and various sections of jurisprudential texts, with specific rulings provided. For instance, according to fatwas of Shia jurists, the acts of worship that a "mustabsir" performed according to their previous faith do not need to be repeated after converting to Shia, except for zakat of property and the zakat al-fitr, which must be paid again if they were given to a non-Shia.
Some well-known "mustabsirs" include 'Ali b. Mahziyar al-Ahwazi, Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi (the author of Tafsir al-'Ayyashi), Muhammad Khudabanda, the Ilkhanid ruler, Sayyid Muhammad Tijani, and Ibrahim Zakzaky, the leader of the Shia community in Nigeria.
Definition of Mustabsir and its Usage in Jurisprudential and Hadith Texts
In Shia culture, a mustabsir refers to someone who, through research and reasoning, converts from one of the Islamic sects[1] or divine religions to the Twelver Shia. Fadl b. Hasan Tabrisi, a Shia exegete, defines a mustabsir in Majma' al-Bayan as someone who is rational and can discern truth from falsehood through reasoning and thought.[2] Istibsar means becoming aware and insightful in religion.[3]
The rulings about mustabsirs have been discussed in various jurisprudence discussions, such as prayer,[4] fasting,[5] zakat,[6] hajj,[7] inheritance,[8] and retribution.[9] The rulings of mustabsirs have been mentioned in the fatwas of Ibn Abi 'Aqil 'Ummani (d. 329/940-1), who lived during the Minor Occultation,[10] and Ibn Junayd, a fourth/tenth century jurist.[11] In the Four Major Hadith Books, hadiths related to mustabsirs are mentioned in chapters such as zakat and hajj.[12] Additionally, many fiqh sources discuss the non-obligation of making "qada" of the acts of worship performed by mustabsirs.[13]
According to the fatwa of Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi, the rulings of "Istibsar" apply to all Muslim sects, including those deemed to be disbelievers, such as the Nasibis and the Ghulat;[14] however, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Tabataba'i Yazdi in 'Urwat al-Wuthqa does not consider the rulings of "istibsar" to include the Ghulat.[15]
Ruling on the Previous Acts of Worship of the Mustabsir
Some of the fatwas of Shi'a jurists regarding the previous acts of worship of a "mustabsir" are as follows:
- Daily prayers and fasts before "istibsar": According to the fatwas of Shi'a jurists, a "mustabsir" does not need to perform "qada" of any acts of worship performed before "istibsar", except for zakat, provided that the previously performed acts were valid according to the mustabsir's previous sect.[16]
- Missed daily prayers and fasts: According to the fatwa of most Shi'a jurists, it is obligatory for a "mustabsir" to perform qada of the daily prayers and fasts they did not perform before their conversion or performed contrary to their previous sect.[17] However, Husayn Al 'Usfur (d. 1216/1802), a jurist and hadith scholar, believes there is no obligation to perform "qada" of these daily prayers and fasts.[18]
- Hajj: A "mustabsir" is not required to perform "qada" of the hajj that they performed according to their previous sect.[19] However, some jurists, such as Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi,[20] Shaykh Tusi,[21] and 'Allama Hilli,[22] have stipulated that the mustabsir's hajj must not have violated any of the essential pillars of hajj according to Shi'a.[23]
- Zakat on property and zakat al-fitra: If a "mustabsir" has given the "zakat" of their wealth to the followers of his previous sect before their "istibsar", it is obligatory to pay it again;[24] however, if they have given it to Shi'as, there is no obligation to pay it again,[25] although Muhammad Taqi Amuli has held the view that in this case too, zakat must be paid again.[26] According to the fatwa of Shahid Awwal in the book al-Bayan, if one has given their zakat to a non-Shi'a and later becomes a mustabsir while the zakat object remains intact, they can take it back.[27] The ruling for zakat al-fitra is similar to that of zakat on the property.[28]
The Ruling on the Non-worship Acts of a Mustabsir
The ruling on the non-worship acts of a mustabsir, according to the Shi'a jurists, is as follows:
- A new marriage of a mustabsir after "istibsar" (considering that the Tawaf al-Nisa has not been performed) has no problem and is valid.[29]
- Ruling on Divorce of a mustabsir: If a mustabsir divorces his wife according to their own sect before his istibsar, and this divorce is not considered valid by Shi'a, then based on the fatwa of Sayyid Muhsin Hakim (d. 1390/1970), the divorce is not valid, and he can return to that woman after "istibsar" without a new marriage contract.[30] However, according to the view of Shaykh Tusi, the divorce is valid, and separation occurs.[31]
- Ruling on vows, covenants, oaths, and endowments: If a vow, covenant, or endowment made by the mustabsir before their "istibsar" is not valid according to Twelver Shi'a, then acting upon it is not obligatory. However, if it is valid according to Twelver Shi'a, it is obligatory, even if it was considered invalid according to their previous sect.[32]
- The impact of "istibsar" on purity or impurity: According to the fatwa of Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi, if a mustabsir has washed something impure according to Shi'a rulings before their "istibsar", there is no need to wash it again after "istibsar"; but, if they had washed it according to their previous sect, which is contrary to Shi'a rulings, then it is obligatory to wash it again.[33]
Famous Mustabsirs
- 'Ali b. Mahziyar Ahwazi: He was a close companion of Imam al-Javad (a) and Imam al-Hadi (a), who was originally Christian and later converted to Shia Islam.[34]
- Muhammad b. Mas'ud 'Ayyashi: He was a Shi'a commentator on the Qur'an in the fourth/tenth century and the author of Tafsir 'Ayyashi. He was initially Sunni.[35]
- Jalal al-Din Muhammad b. Sa'd al-Dawani, known as Muhaqqiq Dawani: He was a philosopher and theologian of the ninth/fifteenth century who initially followed the Sunni school and later became Shi'a. He explicitly professed his Shi'a beliefs in his book Nur al-Hidaya.[36]
- Rufa'a b. Musa Nakhkhas al-Asadi al-Kufi: He was one of the companions and narrators of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and Imam al-Kazim (a). According to Shaykh Tusi, he was initially Waqifi[37] and later became Shi'a.[38]
- Ahmad b. Dawud b. Sa'id Fazari: Shaykh Tusi mentioned him among the companions of Imam al-Hadi (a) in his book on rijal.[39] He was a prominent Sunni hadith scholar but later became Shi'a.[40]
- Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Khudabanda, known as Öljaitü (d. 716/1316): He was one of the rulers of the Ilkhanate dynasty in Iran[41] and the first to officially recognize Shi'a Islam during his reign.[42] He was initially a Christian[43] and then converted to Buddhism.[44] Shortly after, he adopted the Hanafi school of thought[45] and later the Shafi'i school.[46] Ultimately, he was influenced by Shia scholars and embraced Shia Islam.[47] According to Shubiyri Zanjani (b. 1928), a Shia marja', he remained a Twelver Shia Muslim until the end of his life.[48]
- Muhammad Mar'i al-Amin al-Antaki (d. 1383/1963-4): He was an Egyptian Sunni scholar, educated at al-Azhar University, and held the position of "Qadi al-Qudat" (Chief Judge), who chose to adopt Shia Islam.[49] He is the author of the book al-Shi'a wa Hujajuhum fi l-Tashayyu'.[50]
- Sayyid Muhammad Tijani Samawi (b. 1936): He is a Tunisian scholar and the author of the book Thumm-a Ihtadayt-u (Then I Was Guided). He was initially a Maliki[51] and later chose to become the Shi'a.[52]
- Ibrahim Zakzaky (b. 1953): The leader of the Islamic Movement in Nigeria, he initially followed the Maliki sect but became Shi'a after meeting Imam Khomeini.[53]
- Hasan Shahata (d. 2013): He was an Egyptian Hanafi scholar who converted to Shia in 1996.[54]
- Edoardo Agnelli (d. 2000): He was Italian and the son of a famous Italian capitalist. Influenced by the Qur'an, he converted from Christianity to Shia Islam.[55]
Monographies
- Mawsu'at min hayat al-mustabsirin, published by Markaz al-Abhath al-'Aqa'idiyya, introduces many mustabsirs from various countries in fourteen volumes.[56]
- Barrasi-yi 'ilal-i girayish-i mustabsirin bi Tashayyu' dar panjah sal-i akhir, written by Mir Muhsin Nur Muhammadi, Qom, Dar al-Kutub al-Tarikhiyya Nashirun, 1st edition, 1394 Sh.
Notes
- ↑ Marʿī, al-Qāmūs al-Fiqhī, vol. 1, p. 191; Ghadīrī, al-Qāmūs al-Jāmiʿ, vol. 1, p. 534; Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 411.
- ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 8, p. 444.
- ↑ A group of authors, Mawsūʿat al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, vol. 11, p. 9.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kitāb al-sarāʾir, vol. 1, p. 460.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥamza, al-Wasīla, p. 56.
- ↑ Markaz Muʿjam Fiqhī. Ḥayāt Ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-ʿUmānī wa Fiqhuh, p. 398.
- ↑ Ishtihārdī, Majmūʿa Fatāwā Ibn Junayd, p. 122.
- ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 17, p. 475.
- ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 19, p. 205.
- ↑ Markaz Muʿjam Fiqhī. Ḥayāt Ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-ʿUmānī wa Fiqhuh, p. 398.
- ↑ Ishtihārdī, Majmūʿa Fatāwā Ibn Junayd, p. 122.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, vol. 4, p. 54; Ṭūsī, al-Istibṣār, vol. 2, p. 145; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 429; Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 7, p. 139
- ↑ Ibn Ḥamza, al-Wasīla, p. 56; Ḥillī, Kitāb al-sarāʾir, vol. 1, p. 460; Ḥillī, Muntahā al-maṭlab, vol. 13, p. 97; Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Durūs, vol. 1, p. 243.
- ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 17, p. 307.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 4, p. 450.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kitāb al-sarāʾir, vol. 1, p. 460; Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 13, p. 6-9; Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 314; Waḥīd Khurāsānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, vol. 2, p. 222.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥamza, al-Wasīla, p. 56; Ḥillī, Kitāb al-sarāʾir, vol. 1, p. 460; Qummī, Ghāyat al-Quṣwā, vol. 1, p. 377; Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 314.
- ↑ Āl-i ʿUṣfūr, Sadād al-ʿIbād wa Rashād al-ʿubbād, p. 200.
- ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 404.
- ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 17, p. 305.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Mabsūṭ, vol. 1, p. 303.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ, vol. 1, p. 400.
- ↑ Ḥillī, al-Muʿtabar, vol. 2, p. 765; Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām, vol. 1, p. 413.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Mabsūṭ, vol. 1, p. 247; Ibn Ḥamza, al-Wasīla, p. 129; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 4, p. 127.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 4, p. 127.
- ↑ Āmulī, Miṣbāḥ al-hudā, vol. 10, p. 257.
- ↑ Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Bayān, p. 315.
- ↑ Qummī, Ghanāʾim al-Ayyām, vol. 4, p. 162; Kāshif al-ghiṭāʾ, Kashf al-ghiṭāʾ, vol. 4, p. 508.
- ↑ Baḥrānī, al-Rasāʾil al-Aḥmadīyya, vol. 2, p. 307.
- ↑ Ḥakīm, Mustamsak al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 14, p. 524.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, vol. 8, p. 57.
- ↑ Ḥillī, al-Rasāʾil al-ʿashr, p. 410; Kāshif al-ghiṭāʾ, Kashf al-ghiṭāʾ, vol. 4, p. 513.
- ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 13, p. 9.
- ↑ Kashshī, Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl, vol. 2, p. 825.
- ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 350.
- ↑ Qummī, al-Kunā wa l-alqāb, vol. 2, p. 230.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 71.
- ↑ Shabistarī, al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa asḥāb Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), vol. 1, p. 567.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, vol. 1, p. 426.
- ↑ Ḥillī, ʿAlī b. Dāwūd. Kitāb al-Rijāl, p. 27.
- ↑ Kāshānī, Tārīkh-i Uljāytū, p. 28-29.
- ↑ Kāshānī, Tārīkh-i Uljāytū, p. 99-101.
- ↑ Spuler, Tārīkh-i Mughūl dar Īrān, p. 195.
- ↑ Spuler, Tārīkh-i Mughūl dar Īrān, p. 195.
- ↑ Kāshānī, Tārīkh-i Uljāytū, p. 96.
- ↑ Kāshānī, Tārīkh-i Uljāytū, p. 96-99.
- ↑ Kāshānī, Tārīkh-i Uljāytū, p. 99-101.
- ↑ Shubayrī Zanjānī, Jurʿaʾī az daryā, vol. 2, p. 303.
- ↑ Allama Shaykh Muhammad & Ahmad Amin Antaki (Persian).
- ↑ Allama Shaykh Muhammad & Ahmad Amin Antaki (Persian).
- ↑ Tījānī Samāwī, Thumma Ihtadaytu, p. 28-29.
- ↑ Dr. Mohammad Tijani's book collection
- ↑ Shaykh Zakzaky; the leader whom millions of Africans became Shi'a by following him.
- ↑ shaykh Hassan Shahata
- ↑ Zamānī, Āshnāʾī bā Istishrāq, p. 175; The life story of the martyr Edoardo Agnelli
- ↑ Mawsuʿat min Hayat al-Mustabsirin
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- Mawsuʿat min Hayat al-Mustabsirin (Arabic). Accessed: 2024/12/26.
- Dr. Muhammad Tijani's book collection (Persian). Accessed: 2024/12/26.
- Shaykh Zakzaky; the leader whom millions of Africans became Shi'a by following him. (Persian). Accessed: 2024/12/26.
- علامه شیخ محمد و احمد امین انطاکی ('Allama Shaykh Muhammad & Ahmad Amin Antaki (Persian)). Accessed: 2024/12/26.
- Shaykh Hasan Shahata (Persian). Accessed: 2024/12/26.
- The life story of the martyr Edoardo Agnelli (Persian). Accessed: 2024/12/26.