Dhu l-Thudayya (Title)

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The title Dhu l-Thudayya (Arabic: ذُوالثُّدَیَّة, literally: possessor of a breast) has been attributed to several individuals throughout Islamic history due to a physical characteristic resembling a protruding breast. In hadiths transmitted from the Prophet (s), individuals with such features are described as being cursed. Nafi' al-Mukhdaji, Hurqus b. Zuhayr, and Dhu l-Khuwaysara al-Tamimi are among those referred to as "Dhu l-Thudayya." These individuals were associated with the Khawarij and participated in the Battle of Nahrawan against Imam Ali (a), where they were ultimately killed. Imam Ali (a) expressed his delight by performing a prostration of gratitude for the elimination of Dhu l-Thudayya.

The Title "Dhu l-Thudayya"

The title "Dhu l-Thudayya" (literally, possessor of a breast) is attributed to men who have a physical feature resembling women's breasts. In historical and hadith sources, this title is used to refer to multiple individuals, but there is no consensus on any specific person associated with this title. However, all sources agree that this individual was a member of the Khawarij and took part in the Battle of Nahrawan against Imam Ali (a).

According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid (d. 413/1022), Imam Ali (a) described the Khawarij as individuals who fast during the days, engage in worship during the nights, and rise against him, including one referred to as the "possessor of a breast."[1] Additionally, Salman al-Farsi quoted Imam Ali (a) as stating that the Prophet (s) cursed the companions of the "Possessor of the Breast," referring to the Khawarij.[2]

Ibn Abi l-Jumhur (alive in 904/1499) references a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) stating that Nowruz was the day when Ali (a) achieved victory over the people of Nahrawan and the day when the "Possessor of the Breast" was killed.[3] Additionally, some historians report that after the Battle of Nahrawan concluded and the body of the "Possessor of the Breast" was discovered, Imam Ali (a), filled with joy,[4] performed a prostration of gratitude[5] and addressed "Dhu l-Thudayya" by saying, "Praise be to God who swiftly took you to the fire."[6]

According to Ibn Shadhan in the book al-Idah, upon hearing about the killing of "Dhu l-Thudayya" by Imam Ali (a), Aisha cursed 'Amr b. al-'As for falsely[7] claiming that he had killed Dhu l-Thudayya[8] in Alexandria, Egypt.[9] Aisha then quoted a hadith from the Prophet (s) stating, "They are the worst creatures of God being killed by the best creatures of God."[10] Some historians have reported that Dhu l-Thudayya was indeed killed in Egypt.[11]

Who Was "Dhu l-Thudayya"?

The title "Dhu l-Thudayya" is used in Islamic history to refer to several individuals, including Nafi' al-Mukhdaji, Hurqus b. Zuhayr, Dhu l-Khuwaysara al-Tamimi,[12] and 'Amr b. 'Abd Wadd, who lived during the time of the Prophet (s).[13]

According to historical sources,[14] three individuals in the Battle of Nahrawan were given the title "Dhu l-Thudayya": Hurqus b. Zuhayr,[15] Dhu l-Khuwaysara al-Tamimi,[16] who was the leader of the Khawarij,[17] and another individual named Nafi'[18] who was killed during the battle.[19]

Nafi' al-Mukhdaji

One individual known as "Dhu l-Thudayya" was a person named Nafi'[20] or Tharmala,[21] who held the title Mukhdaj[22] and hailed from Abyssinia.[23] Historical sources indicate that Nafi' al-Mukhdaji[24] had a protrusion on his hand resembling a woman's breast, which led to him being known as "Dhu l-Thudayya".[25] Shi'a scholar of rijal, Muhammad Taqi al-Shushtari, conducted comprehensive research and concluded that Nafi' was indeed the person referred to as Dhu l-Thudayya.[26]

According to historians such as Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373) and Ibn Ash'ath al-Sijistani (d. 275/888-9), Nafi' al-Mukhdaji was a poor man who could often be found in the mosque, sitting on a piece of cloth for serving food, belonging to Imam Ali (a), along with other impoverished individuals.[27] He was commonly known as "Hurqus" among the people.[28] Al-Baladhuri (d. 279/892) states that after the Battle of Nahrawan, Imam Ali (a) personally searched for Nafi's body, eventually discovering it in a pit.[29] Ibn Abi 'Asim (d. 287/900) quoted a hadith from the Prophet (s) regarding an individual with a breast-like protrusion, who is among those who abandon their religion. He then narrated the story of finding Mukhdaj's corpse and Imam Ali's (a) takbir.[30]

Hurqus b. Zuhayr

In the Battle of Nahrawan, there was another individual named Hurqus b. Zuhayr[31] who was part of the Kharijite army and also held the title "Dhu l-Thudayya."[32] However, in the Battle of Siffin, Hurqus fought alongside Imam Ali (a).[33] According to 'Allama al-Hilli, after the Arbitration Event, Hurqus began opposing Imam Ali (a).[34] Once the Battle of Nahrawan concluded, Imam Ali (a) instructed his companions to locate Hurqus's body. Upon finding it, Imam Ali (a) performed a prostration and then informed his companions, "You have killed the most wicked man."[35]

Notes

  1. ↑ Mufīd, al-Ikhtiṣāṣ, p. 179.
  2. ↑ Khaṭīb Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, vol. 13, p. 284; See: Ṭabarānī, al-Muʿjam al-awsaṭ, vol. 4, p. 34; Ṭabarānī, al-Muʿjam al-ṣaghīr, vol. 1, p. 155.
  3. ↑ Ibn Abi al-Jumhūr, ʿAwālī al-liʾālī, vol. 3, p. 41.
  4. ↑ Kūfī, al-Muṣannaf, vol. 2, p. 368.
  5. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 230; Ḥillī, al-Muʿtabar, vol. 2, p. 270; Ḥillī, Nihāyat al-aḥkām, vol. 1, p. 498; Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Dhikrā al-shīʿa, vol. 3, p. 463.
  6. ↑ Rāwandī, al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ, vol. 1, p. 227.
  7. ↑ Ibn Shādhān, al-Īḍāḥ, p. 86.
  8. ↑ Ibn Shādhān, al-Īḍāḥ, p. 86.
  9. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 2, p. 268.
  10. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 2, p. 268.
  11. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 1, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Tamhīd, vol. 23, p. 332.
  13. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 375.
  14. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 33.
  15. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Ṭihrānī, Muqtanayāt al-durar, vol. 11, p. 268.
  16. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Khilāf, vol. 6, p. 462; Ibn Ḥamdūn, al-Tadhkirat al-Ḥamdūnīyya, vol. 8, p. 295; Ḥalabī, al-Sīra al-ḥalabīyya, vol. 3, p. 89; Namāzī, Mustadrakāt ʿilm rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 8, p. 533.
  17. ↑ Nahj al-balāgha, edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣaliḥ, p. 579; Namāzī, Mustadrak safīnat al-biḥār, vol. 2, p. 260.
  18. ↑ ʿAynī, ʿUmdat al-qārī, vol. 16, p. 143, vol. 18, p. 8.
  19. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 362; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 406; Āmulī, Tafsīr al-muḥīṭ, vol. 4, p. 331.
  20. ↑ Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abū Dāwūd, vol. 2, p. 430; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 375; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 7, p. 325; ʿAynī, ʿUmdat al-qārī, vol. 15, p. 230; Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 11, p. 509.
  21. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Maʿārif, p. 421; Rāwandī, al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ, vol. 1, p. 227.
  22. ↑ ʿAynī, ʿUmdat al-qārī, vol. 15, p. 230.
  23. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 406.
  24. ↑ Badrī, Nuzhat al-naẓar, p. 221.
  25. ↑ Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abū Dāwūd, vol. 2, p. 430; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 7, p. 325; Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-bārī, vol. 12, p. 265; Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 11, p. 509.
  26. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 12, p. 107.
  27. ↑ Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abū Dāwūd, vol. 2, p. 430; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 7, p. 325; Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-bārī, vol. 12, p. 265; Shawkānī, Nayl al-awṭār, vol. 7, p. 343.
  28. ↑ Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abū Dāwūd, vol. 2, p. 430; Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 11, p. 509.
  29. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 375.
  30. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 375; Ibn Abī ʿĀṣim, al-Sunna, p. 432.
  31. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Tamhīd, vol. 23, p. 332.
  32. ↑ Ḥāʾirī Tihrānī, Muqtanayāt al-durar, vol. 11, p. 268.
  33. ↑ Balʿamī, Tārīkhnāma Ṭabarī, vol. 5, p. 1537.
  34. ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-yaqīn, p. 165.
  35. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al anwār, vol. 41, p. 283.

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