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Draft:Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud

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Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud
The Mausoleum of the Martyrs of Uhud before demolition
The Mausoleum of the Martyrs of Uhud before demolition
General Information
Established2nd/8th century
LocationUḥud region, Medina
Other namesCemetery of the Martyrs of Uḥud
Related eventsDemolition of the Mausoleum
Specifications
StatusDemolished


Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uḥud (Arabic: مقبرة شهداء أحد) is a cemetery where the grave of Hamza, the uncle of the Prophet (s), and some other martyrs of the Battle of Uhud are located. This cemetery is situated in the Uhud region in the north of Medina. According to historical sources, Prophet Muhammad (s) and Fatima (a) used to perform the visitation of the graves of the martyrs of Uhud, and Muslims have always maintained this practice.

The first building constructed over these graves dates back to the 2nd/8th century; however, with the rise of Al Saud in Saudi Arabia, the Wahhabis demolished this structure in 1344/1925-6 with the claim of fighting against innovation (bid'a).

Status and Location

The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud is the burial place of Hamza, the uncle of the Prophet (s), and other martyrs of the Battle of Uhud. The cemetery is located to the north of Medina,[1] between Mount Uhud and Mount Rumat (also known as Mount 'Aynayn), and is situated approximately five kilometers (about 3.1 miles) from al-Masjid al-Nabawi.[2]

According to reports in historical sources, Prophet Muhammad (s) visited the graves of the martyrs of Uhud every year[3] and recommended visiting them.[4] After the demise of the Prophet (s), the Three Caliphs also acted upon this sunna.[5]

The Shi'a Imams also recommended visiting the graves of the martyrs of Uhud .[6] Fatima (a) used to go to visit the grave of Hamza[7] and according to a report by al-Shaykh al-Mufid, she made a rosary (subha) from its soil.[8] Also, visiting the grave of Hamza on the eve of Rajab 12 was common among the people of Hijaz.[9] Sunnis considered Thursday as a recommended day for visiting the graves of the martyrs of Uhud.[10]

This place has always been a pilgrimage site for Muslims, especially the Shi'a.[11]

History of the Building

Aerial view of the Uhud area during reconstruction in 2015.[12]

According to Ibn Shabba, the historian (d. 262/876), Fatima (a) was the first person to repair the grave of Hamza.[13] Based on historical reports, a mosque existed over the grave of Hamza from the 2nd/8th century.[14] In 590/1194, by the order of the mother of al-Nasir li-Din Allah, the Abbasid caliph, a domed structure was built over this mausoleum.[15] This building was expanded in 893/1488.[16] In some sources, this building is referred to as the Mosque of the Martyrs of Uuud.[17]

Demolition of the Mausoleum

The building of the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud was demolished by the Al Saud in 1220/1805-6, rebuilt by Ibrahim Pasha in 1222/1807-8, and completely destroyed again in 1344/1925-6.[18] The Wahhabis did this with the claim of fighting against innovation and polytheism.[19] According to their view, building over graves[20] and traveling for the visitation of graves[21] are innovations.

According to Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373), a Sunni historian, Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan ordered the digging of a qanat[22] in 49/669, the path of which passed by or over the graves of the martyrs of Uhud. When the relatives of the martyrs exhumed the graves to move the bodies, they encountered the fresh bodies of the martyrs. This event caused them to desist from further destruction.[23] According to the analysis of Muhammad Sadiq Najmi, this action of Mu'awiya was intentional and aimed at destroying the signs of the crimes of Quraysh in the Battle of Uhud.[24] Other reports indicate the destruction of the graves of the martyrs of Uhud due to floods and the freshness of the martyrs' bodies in the year 49/669[25] and also 1400 years after their burial.[26]

Those Buried

The graves of the Martyrs of Uhud next to Mount Uhud
Main article: Martyrs of Uhud

In the Battle of Uhud, about 70 Muslims were martyred,[27] four of whom were from the Muhajirun and the rest from the Ansar.[28] Most of the martyrs were buried in Uاud, except for a few who were transferred to Medina. Hamza b. Abd al-Muttalib, Abd Allah b. Jahsh, Shammas b. Uthman, Mus'ab b. 'Umayr, Hanzala b. Abi 'Amir, Sa'd b. Rabi', Malik b. Sanan, and Sahl b. Qays were among the martyrs buried in this area.[29]

Due to the large number of martyrs and the fatigue of the survivors, by the order of the Prophet (s), the martyrs were buried collectively in common graves.[30] Among the martyrs buried in one grave, whoever had memorized more of the Qur'an was placed ahead of the others.[31] Also, 'Amr b. Jamuh and 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr were buried in one grave due to their friendship.[32] Among the martyrs, only the exact location of Hamza's grave is known.[33]

Adjacent Buildings

An image of the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uḥud and Hamza Mosque.

According to reports, there were several mosques in the vicinity of the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud:

Hamza Mosque is located to the east of the cemetery.[34] It is said that Thanaya Mosque was also located 500 meters north of the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uhud.[35] Also, according to some narrations, a mosque named Amir al-Mu'minin existed opposite the grave of Hamza,[36] of which no trace remains.[37]

Two mosques have also been reported near Mount Rumat: Rukn al-Jabal Mosque to the east of this mountain, the place where Hamza was wounded, and al-Wadi Mosque to the north of the mountain, which is said to be the place of Hamza's martyrdom.[38]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Ḍiyāʾ, Tārīkh Makka al-musharrafa, 1424 AH, p. 252.
  2. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, 1379 Sh, pp. 415–418.
  3. ↑ Ibn Shabba, Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara, 1399 AH, vol. 1, p. 132.
  4. ↑ Mufīd, Al-Fuṣūl al-mukhtāra, 1413 AH, p. 131; Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 10, p. 198; ʿAlawī al-ʿAqīqī, Marwiyyāt kitāb akhbār al-Madīna, 1440 AH, p. 291; Abū Ṭayyib Fāsī, Shifāʾ al-gharām, 1421 AH, vol. 2, p. 412.
  5. ↑ Ibn Shabba, Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara, 1399 AH, vol. 1, p. 132.
  6. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 4, p. 560.
  7. ↑ Samhūdī, Wafāʾ al-wafā, 1419 AH, vol. 3, p. 111; Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 4, p. 561.
  8. ↑ Mufīd, Kitāb al-mazār, 1413 AH, p. 150.
  9. ↑ Rifʿat Pāshā, Mawsūʿat mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn, vol. 3, p. 60.
  10. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Itḥāf al-zāʾir, Dār Arqam, p. 92.
  11. ↑ Baghdādī, "Ziyārat al-qubūr ʿind al-Sunna wa l-Shīʿa", Website-i Taghrib News.
  12. ↑ "Taṭwīr minṭaqat Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ bi-l-Madīna", Al-Madīna.
  13. ↑ Ibn Shabba, Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara, 1399 AH, vol. 1, p. 132.
  14. ↑ Samhūdī, Wafāʾ al-wafā, 1419 AH, vol. 3, p. 104.
  15. ↑ Maṭarī, Al-taʿrīf bimā ānasat al-hijra, 1426 AH, p. 126.
  16. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, 1379 Sh, p. 441.
  17. ↑ See: Najafī, Madīna shināsī, 1386 Sh, vol. 2, p. 269.
  18. ↑ "Tārīkh al-Wahhābiyya fī hadm qubūr Ahl al-Bayt (a)", Website-i Dār al-Wilāya.
  19. ↑ Pūr-Amīnī, Baqīʿ al-gharqad, 1428 AH, p. 50.
  20. ↑ Ibn Taymiyya, Iqtiḍāʾ al-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm, 1407 AH, vol. 2, p. 108.
  21. ↑ For example, see: Ibn Taymiyya, Minhāj al-sunna, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 440; Ibn Bāz, Fatāwā nūr ʿalā l-darb, p. 243.
  22. ↑ Qanat is a water supply system that was developed in ancient Iran for the purpose of transporting usable water to the surface from an aquifer or a well through an underground aqueduct.
  23. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 49.
  24. ↑ Najmī, "Ḥaram-i Ḥaḍrat-i Ḥamza (a) dar bastar-i tārīkh", pp. 64-65.
  25. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1968, vol. 3, p. 563.
  26. ↑ ʿĀmirī, Muḥammad (s) fī l-kutub al-muqaddasa, 1426 AH, p. 266.
  27. ↑ Maqdisī, Al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 205; Ibn Khaldūn, Tārīkh, 1401 AH, vol. 2, p. 437.
  28. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, Al-Maʿārif, 1992, vol. 1, p. 160.
  29. ↑ Ibn Ḍiyāʾ, Tārīkh Makka al-musharrafa, 1424 AH, pp. 252-255; Ṣabrī Pāshā, Mawsūʿat mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn, 1424 AH, vol. 4, pp. 749-750.
  30. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 48.
  31. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 48.
  32. ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, cited in: Subḥānī, Furūgh-i abadiyyat, vol. 1, p. 566.
  33. ↑ Samhūdī, Wafāʾ al-wafā, 1419 AH, vol. 3, p. 117.
  34. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, 1379 Sh, p. 439.
  35. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, 1379 Sh, p. 415.
  36. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 97, p. 225.
  37. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, 1379 Sh, p. 444.
  38. ↑ Ibn Ḍiyāʾ, Tārīkh Makka al-musharrafa, 1424 AH, p. 257; Ṣabrī Pāshā, Mawsūʿat mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn, 1424 AH, vol. 4, p. 700.

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