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Ganjinat al-asrar
AuthorNur Allah b. 'Abd Allah known as 'Umman Samani
LanguagePersian
SubjectAshura mystical poems
PublisherIslamiyya Bookstore, 'Umman Samani, Surush, Shirkat-i Chap wa Nashr-i Bayn al-Milal, Maytham, Mawlana, etc.


Ganjīnat al-asrār is a collection of poems in the form of mathnawi, about the Event of Karbala, composed by ʿUmmān Sāmānī (d. 1322/1904-5). His poems are about Imam al-Husayn (a), Lady Zaynab (a), and the role-playing of the Martyrs of Karbala such as 'Abbas (a), 'Ali al-Akbar (a), Qasim, and Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi.

'Umman Samani in his poems uses Quranic verses, narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (a), mystical terminologies, and poems of other poets like Hafiz Shirazi, Sa'di, and Mawlawi. He has utilized literary devices such as tarsi', muwazana, and iyham.

It has been said that Ganjinat al-asrar has weaknesses such as the excessive use of Arabic words and expressing distorted events like the wedding of Qasim (a) and the presence of Za'far al-Jinni in Karbala.

Ganjinat al-asrar has been printed many times in Iran and other countries, and its content has been the axis and subject of numerous books, articles, theses, theaters, and seminars.

Introduction and Status

Ganjinat al-asrar is a collection of poems about Imam al-Husayn (a) and the Event of Karbala[1] which was composed by 'Umman Samani in the year 1305/1887-8 and was printed and published with the encouragement of Agha Sulayman Khan, the chief of eunuchs of the court of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar.[2] His poems are in the poetic form of mathnawi.[3] 'Umman Samani named his collection of poems Ganjinat al-asrar.[4]

According to Muhammad 'Ali Mujahidi, a ritual poet, Samani's poems are based on the meter and style of Zubdat al-asrar by Safi 'Ali Shah.[5] According to Sadat Akhawi, the editor of Ganjinat al-asrar, 'Umman Samani, after composing his poems, during a pilgrimage to the 'Atabat al-'Aliyat, was favored and respected by Mirza-yi Shirazi.[6]

Various dimensions of Ganjinat al-asrar such as mysticism, literature, and rhetoric have been the axis of holding many conferences and seminars; in the third national congress of Persian culture and literature, two articles about ideology and rhetoric in Ganjinat al-asrar were presented.[7] Also, numerous articles and theses have been written about this work.[8] A play and theater named "Bar Faras-i Tundraw" based on Ganjinat al-asrar was written and performed in Milad Tower of Tehran.[9] Also, parts of the maqtal of Ganjinat al-asrar were read and performed by Sayyid Mustafa Musawi (d. 1397/2018-9) on the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting.[10]

It has been said that excessive use of Arabic vocabulary, expressing distorted events like the wedding of Qasim (a)[11] and exaggerated points, are among the weaknesses of Ganjinat al-asrar.[12]

Structure and Content

Ganjinat al-asrar has a prologue (introduction) penned by 'Umman Samani, 41 sections[13] and 830 lines of poetry.[14] Its prologue is about the description of God, expressing the virtues of Prophet Muhammad (s), Imam 'Ali (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a), a brief biography of 'Umman Samani, and expressing the reason for writing the book.[15] At the beginning of each section, a summary of its themes is expressed in prose.[16]

The content of 'Umman Samani's poems consists of: praise, worship and glorification of God,[17] love for divine beauty and majesty,[18] presenting the trust of love to human, the aspect of intellect and lust of human,[19] human nature and nobility, Perfect Man and Wali Allah,[20] love of Imam al-Husayn (a) for God,[21] expressing the Event of Karbala and its happenings,[22] explaining the happiness and wretchedness of humans and mentioning their instances especially in the Event of Karbala, like Shimr,[23] divine trial of prophets such as Adam, Noah, Job, Abraham, Jonah, Joseph, Jacob, Moses, Jesus and Prophet Muhammad (s), and the Ahl al-Bayt (a) like Imam 'Ali (a), Imam al-Hasan (a)[24] and Imam al-Husayn (a),[25] 'Umman Samani's love and devotion for Imam al-Husayn (a),[26] testing of the companions on the Eve of 'Ashura by Imam al-Husayn (a),[27] story of Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi in Karbala,[28] position and status of 'Abbas (a)[29] and the story of bringing water from the Euphrates river,[30] position and status of Qasim (a),[31] position and status of 'Ali al-Akbar (a)[32] and the story of his jihad,[33] Imam al-Husayn's (a) going to the battlefield,[34] position and status of Lady Zaynab (s) and her story in Karbala,[35] Imam al-Husayn's (a) recommendation to Lady Zaynab (s) regarding Imam al-Sajjad (a),[36] story of 'Ali al-Asghar (a) in Karbala,[37] story of Za'far al-Jinni and asking permission from Imam al-Husayn (a) to assist him,[38] Imam al-Husayn's (a) guidance and preaching the enemies in Karbala[39] and Imam al-Husayn's (a) battle with the enemies and the manner of his martyrdom.[40]

Features

Many features have been mentioned for Ganjinat al-asrar; including:

  • Using verses and narrations: He has used Quranic verses[41] and narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) in his poems on various occasions[42] and also expresses some miracles and extraordinary acts of Prophet Muhammad (s) and Imam 'Ali (a) like Shaqq al-Qamar and Radd al-Shams.[43]
  • Mystical expression of poems: 'Umman Samani expresses his poems with mystical taste, so that in the 830 verses of Ganjinat al-asrar, nearly 300 mystical terms have been mentioned.[44] Unity of existence is considered the main axis of Ganjinat al-asrar upon which 'Umman Samani has composed his poems.[45] According to Murtada Mutahhari, 'Umman Samani has a mystical understanding of the Event of Karbala in his poems.[46]
  • Utilizing poems of other poets: According to Muhammad Sadat Akhawi, the editor of Ganjinat al-asrar, 'Umman Samani has used poems of other poets like 'Abd al-Rahman Jami,[47] Wahshi Bafqi,[48] Hafiz Shirazi,[49] Sa'di,[50] Hilali Jughta'i,[51] Khaqani,[52] and Mawlawi[53] in his compositions.
  • Employing literary devices: Barat Muhammadi says: Samani uses various literary devices such as tarsi', muwazana, different types of jinas, alliteration, repetition, 'aks, and iyham in his poems, and this very matter has caused the prominence of his work.[54]
  • Using debate format: 'Ali Rida Qurbanpur believes 'Umman Samani depicts debates and conversations between individuals of the Event of Karbala in his poems;[55] such as the conversation of Imam al-Husayn (a) with Lady Zaynab (a),[56] the Imam's debate with Za'far al-Jinni,[57] and with Gabriel.[58]

Printing and Publication Status

Image of the book Sirr al-asrar in explanation of Ganjinat al-asrar
Image of the book Sirr al-asrar in explanation of Ganjinat al-asrar

The mathnawi Ganjinat al-asrar of 'Umman Samani, after being printed as a book, was reprinted many times by various publishers including the poet himself,[59] Adib Fiqh Jawahiri Institute,[60] Chap wa Nashr-i Bayn al-Milal,[61] Surush,[62] Jumhuri,[63] and Uswa,[64] under various titles like Ganjinat al-asrar, Ganjinat al-asrar wa qasa'id, and Ganjinat al-asrar dar masa'ib-i Al Ahmad Mukhtar (a).

Monographs

Numerous books have been written in explanation of the mystical-Ashura poems of 'Umman Samani in Ganjinat al-asrar; such as Sirr al-asrar: sharh wa tashih-i naw wa mutafawit bar mathnawi-yi 'ashurayi-yi Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani, authored by Mas'ud Namazi Burujirdi which is written based on the first lithographic edition of Ganjinat al-asrar (Jalali edition, 1306 AH),[65] Asrar-i Karbala: sharh ba'di abyat-i Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani written by 'Ali Musawi,[66] Ba ashk-i khunfishani: Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani wa dawazdah band-i Muhtasham Kashani by Rasul Ja'farzada,[67] Suluk-i khunin (sharh-i Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani) written by Ibrahim Kalantari,[68] 'Irfan wa 'ashura (ba nigahi bi Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani) authored by Hasan Karami,[69] Karbala ayina-yi 'ishq (sharh-i Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani) by Majid Mullayi,[70] and Jilwaha-yi 'ashurayi (Ganjinat al-asrar-i 'Umman Samani wa dawazdah band-i Muhtasham Kashani) written by Muhammad Qurbanpur.[71]

Notes

  1. ↑ Sādāt Akhawī, Muqaddima, in Ganjīnat al-asrār, p. 5.
  2. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 41-42.
  3. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 42-44.
  4. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 44.
  5. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār wa ghazaliyyāt-i Waḥdat Kirmānshāhī, 1383, p. 18.
  6. ↑ Sādāt Akhawī, Muqaddima, in Ganjīnat al-asrār, p. 7.
  7. ↑ Majmūʿa maqālāt-i siwwumīn kungira-yi millī-yi farhang wa adabiyyāt-i fārsī. Civilica website.
  8. ↑ Ganjīnat al-asrār. Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc): Ganj.
  9. ↑ Ijrā-yi namāyish-i "Bar faras-i tundraw" dar burj-i Mīlād-i Tihrān. Milad Tower of Tehran website.
  10. ↑ Sādāt Akhawī, Muqaddima, in Ganjīnat al-asrār, p. 13.
  11. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 187.
  12. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., pp. 194-195.
  13. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 35-44.
  14. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., pp. 186-190.
  15. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 35-44.
  16. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., pp. 186-190.
  17. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 35.
  18. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 47.
  19. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 55.
  20. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 63.
  21. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 73.
  22. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 91-131.
  23. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 97.
  24. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 107.
  25. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 113.
  26. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 123.
  27. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 131.
  28. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 155-161.
  29. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 181.
  30. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 169-175-183.
  31. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 187-195.
  32. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 201.
  33. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 209-215-225.
  34. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 235.
  35. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 243-251-259-263.
  36. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 271.
  37. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 279.
  38. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 295-299.
  39. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 311.
  40. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 319.
  41. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 39-55-63-97-211-264.
  42. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 36-37-48-85-132-195-289.
  43. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 39.
  44. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., pp. 186-190.
  45. ↑ Khudādādī & Kahdūyī, Tajallī-yi naẓariyya-yi waḥdat-i wujūd dar ashʿār-i ʿUmmān Sāmānī..., p. 112.
  46. ↑ Muṭahharī, Majmūʿa āthār-i ustād shahīd Muṭahharī, 1382, vol. 17, p. 382.
  47. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 37.
  48. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 39.
  49. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 56-69-73.
  50. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 41-43-56-63.
  51. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 39.
  52. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 161.
  53. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, pp. 232-272.
  54. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., p. 191.
  55. ↑ Muḥammadī & Qurbānpūr, Taḥlīl-i sabkshināsī wa āsībshināsī-yi du athar-i ʿirfānī-ʿāshūrāyī..., p. 191.
  56. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 251.
  57. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 299.
  58. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1393, p. 319.
  59. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1372.
  60. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār wa qaṣāʾid-i ʿUmmān Sāmānī, 1399.
  61. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār: ganjīna-yi asrār-i jān, 1393.
  62. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār, 1375.
  63. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Dīwān-i ʿUmmān Sāmānī shāmil: Ganjīnat al-asrār, miʿrājnāma, qaṣīdahā, ghazalhā, 1378.
  64. ↑ ʿUmmān Sāmānī, Ganjīnat al-asrār wa ghazaliyyāt-i Waḥdat Kirmānshāhī, 1383.
  65. ↑ Namāzī Burūjirdī, Sirr al-asrār..., 1392, title page.
  66. ↑ Mūsawī Muṭlaq, Asrār-i Karbalā..., 1380, title page.
  67. ↑ Jaʿfarzāda, Bā ashk-i khūnfishānī..., 1381, title page.
  68. ↑ Kalāntarī, Sulūk-i khūnīn..., 1381, title page.
  69. ↑ Karamī, ʿIrfān wa ʿāshūrā..., 1401, title page.
  70. ↑ Mullāyī, Karbalā āyīna-yi ʿishq..., 1394, title page.
  71. ↑ Qurbānpūr, Jilwahā-yi ʿāshūrāyī..., 1386, title page.

References

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