Draft:Incest
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Incest (Arabic: زنا با محارم, Zina with mahrams) is sexual intercourse with those whom marriage with is haram due to kinship. Zina is considered among the major sins, and the worst type of this act is considered to be zina with mahrams. In addition to the Holy Qur'an, marriage and sexual relations with mahrams are also considered forbidden in other divine religions and holy books.
Shi'a jurists, relying on consensus and hadiths from the Infallibles (a), believe that the perpetrator of zina with mahrams is sentenced to execution, and in this ruling, there is no difference whether the criminal is old or young, married or unmarried; however, it has been narrated from some Sunni scholars that they punish (a punishment less than the hadd) the perpetrator of such a crime.
According to Sahib Jawahir, the punishment of death (execution) is related to zina with blood mahrams (nasabi) such as a sister and mother, and the punishment for affinal mahrams (sababi) (other than the father's wife) and foster mahrams (rida'i) is like other individuals convicted of zina. In Article 82 of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran, the punishment for zina with blood mahrams is also specified as execution.
Concept and Status
Zina refers to illegitimate sexual intercourse between a man and a woman[1] and what is meant by mahrams are those whom marriage with is haram due to kinship.[2] In the Qur'an, zina is referred to as fahsha[3] and it is considered among the major sins[4] and the worst type of this ugly act is considered to be zina with mahrams.[5]
Zina with mahrams is also considered forbidden in other divine religions.[6] The Torah, the holy book of the Jews, has mentioned a number of mahrams and ordered to refrain from intercourse with them[7] and has considered the punishment for intercourse with one's mother to be burning the perpetrator.[8] Qur'an 4:23 introduces the instances of mahrams, including the mother, sister, daughter, maternal aunt, and paternal aunt, and has declared marriage with them haram.[9]
Punishment for Zina with Mahrams
Shi'a jurists believe that someone who commits zina with their mahrams is sentenced to death (execution)[10] and in this regard, they have cited consensus and some narrations.[11] According to Shaykh al-Tusi (d. 460/1067), in this ruling, there is no difference between old and young, nor does it matter whether the criminal is married or not.[12]
Al-Sayyid al-Murtada (d. 436/1044-45) considers the execution of such a punishment to be exclusive to the Shi'a. He has narrated from some Sunni scholars such as Abu Hanifa that they punish (a punishment less than the hadd) the perpetrator of such a crime.[13] Malik b. Anas and al-Shafi'i also maintain that the hadd for zina (such as flogging) is executed upon him.[14]
Distinction between Blood Mahrams and Others
Sahib Jawahir, a Shi'a jurist, considers the punishment of execution to be related to zina with blood mahrams such as a sister and mother, and considers it derived from the consensus of scholars and hadiths from the Infallibles (a).[15] Among them, he has narrated a hadith whose chain of transmission he considered authentic (sahih), and in it, it is stated that the perpetrator of zina with blood mahrams must be put to death by the government.[16]
Sahib Jawahir believes that what comes to mind (tabadur) from such narrations is the execution of this punishment for blood mahrams; thus, considering the importance of preserving life in Islam, this punishment is not executed regarding affinal mahrams and foster mahrams; [rather, their punishment is like other individuals convicted of zina] except in the case of the father's wife, about whom a specific hadith has been narrated[17] and the perpetrator of zina with her is considered deserving of stoning (rajm).[18] According to him, jurists such as Ibn Idris, Ibn Zuhra, and Ibn Hamza from the jurists of the fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries are in agreement with this view.[19]
In Article 82 of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran as well, the punishment for zina with blood mahrams is determined to be execution.[20] Also, it is said that in the laws of some non-Islamic countries, sexual relations with mahrams are subjected to a greater severity of punishment.[21] In Article 24 of the Penal Code of France for rape, 15 years of imprisonment is considered, and when this relationship takes place with mahrams, 20 years of imprisonment is considered.[22]
See Also
Notes
- ↑ For example, see Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāyi' al-Islām, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 136; al-Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, vol. 6, p. 475.
- ↑ al-Farāhīdī, al-'Ayn, under the word "ḥ-r-m".
- ↑ وَ لَا تَقْرَبُوا الزِّنَا ۖ إِنَّهُ کَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَ سَاءَ سَبِیلًا. (Qur'an 17:32)
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 41, p. 258; al-Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, vol. 6, p. 475; Khumaynī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1408 AH, vol. 1, p. 274.
- ↑ Dārābī & Raḍawī Aṣl, "Wākāwī-yi ḥadd-i qatl dar zinā bā maḥārim bi nasab-i nāmashrū'", p. 104.
- ↑ Dārābī & Raḍawī Aṣl, "Wākāwī-yi ḥadd-i qatl dar zinā bā maḥārim bi nasab-i nāmashrū'", p. 104.
- ↑ Holy Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 18, Verses 6-18.
- ↑ Holy Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 20, Verse 14.
- ↑ Qur'an 4:23.
- ↑ Ḥusaynī & Ḥaydarī, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", p. 103; Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftā'āt-i jadīd, 1427 AH, vol. 3, p. 365; Tabrīzī, Istiftā'āt-i jadīd, Daftar-i Āyatullāh Tabrīzī, vol. 1, p. 425.
- ↑ Ḥusaynī & Ḥaydarī, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", p. 103.
- ↑ al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, al-Nihāya, 1400 AH, p. 693.
- ↑ al-Sayyid al-Murtaḍā, al-Intiṣār, 1415 AH, p. 524; Ibn Qudāma, al-Mughnī, 1388 AH, vol. 9, p. 55.
- ↑ al-Sayyid al-Murtaḍā, al-Intiṣār, 1415 AH, p. 524; Ibn Qudāma, al-Mughnī, 1388 AH, vol. 9, p. 55.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 41, p. 309.
- ↑ al-Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 7, p. 190, hadith 1; al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 41, p. 309.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 41, pp. 311-312.
- ↑ al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, 1407 AH, vol. 10, p. 48, hadith 180; al-Shaykh al-Ḥurr al-'Āmilī, Wasā'il al-Shī'a, 1409 AH, vol. 28, p. 115, hadith 9.
- ↑ al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 SH, vol. 41, p. 311.
- ↑ Ḥusaynī & Ḥaydarī, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", p. 116.
- ↑ Ḥusaynī & Ḥaydarī, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", p. 116.
- ↑ Ḥusaynī & Ḥaydarī, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", p. 116.
References
- Holy Qur'an
- Holy Bible
- Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, 'Abd Allāh, al-Mughnī, Egypt, Maktabat Qāhira, 1388 AH.
- Imām Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāh, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Qom, Ismā'īliyān, 1408 AH.
- Tabrīzī, Jawād, Istiftā'āt-i jadīd, Qom, Daftar-i Mu'aẓẓam-lah, 1st ed., n.d.
- Ḥusaynī, Sayyid Muḥammad & Ḥaydarī, 'Alī Murād, "Ta'thīr-i khwīshāwandī dar jurm-i zinā", in Nashriyya-yi muṭāla'āt-i ḥuqūq-i khuṣūṣī, no. 24, winter 1390 SH.
- Dārābī, Shahrdād & Raḍawī Aṣl, Sayyid Muḥammad Ja'far, "Wākāwī-yi ḥadd-i qatl dar zinā bā maḥārim bi nasab-i nāmashrū'", in Nashriyya-yi muṭāla'āt-i fiqhī wa falsafī, no. 23, autumn 1394 SH.
- al-Sayyid al-Murtaḍā, 'Alī b. al-Ḥusayn, al-Intiṣār fī infirādāt al-Imāmiyya, Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1st ed., 1415 AH.
- al-Shaykh al-Ḥurr al-'Āmilī, Wasā'il al-Shī'a, Qom, Mu'assasat Āl al-Bayt (a), 1st ed., 1409 AH.
- al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, al-Nihāya fī mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatāwā, Dār al-Kitāb al-'Arabī, Beirut, 2nd ed., 1400 AH.
- al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, edited by Ḥasan Mūsawī Khursān, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 4th ed., 1407 AH.
- al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qur'ān, edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr 'Āmilī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d.
- al-Farāhīdī, Khalīl b. Aḥmad, al-'Ayn, Qom, Nashr-i Hijrat, edited by Mahdī Makhzūmī & Ibrāhīm Sāmarrā'ī, 1410 AH.
- al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Ya'qūb, al-Kāfī, edited by 'Alī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 4th ed., 1407 AH.
- Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Ja'far b. al-Ḥasan, Sharāyi' al-Islām fī masā'il al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām, edited by 'Abd al-Ḥusayn Baqqāl, Qom, Mu'assasat Ismā'īliyān, 2nd ed., 1408 AH.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir, Istiftā'āt-i jadīd, edited by Abu l-Qāsim 'Ulyānnizhādī, Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasat al-Imām 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib (a), 2nd ed., 1427 AH.
- al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāyi' al-Islām, edited by 'Abbās Qūchānī & 'Alī Ākhūndī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, 7th ed., 1362 SH.