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Muqbil Kashani
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Template:Infobox Shi'a Scholar Āqā Muḥammad Shaykhā (Persian: آقامحمد شیخا) known as Muqbil Kāshānī or Muqbil Iṣfahānī (d. 1157/1744) was a Shi'a poet of the Safavid era and the founder of the event-composing style in Elegy composition. His style had a significant impact on poets in Iran and India. Muqbil's poems are considered oral heritage rather than written literature.

After the Afghan invasion of Iran (1135/1722), Muqbil migrated to India and passed away in Gujarat. There is a disagreement regarding his place of burial, whether it is in Kashan or Karbala. In a famous dream, he entered the mourning assembly of Prophet Muhammad (s) on the Eve of Ashura and, by reciting his famous poem, received a spiritual robe of honor from Imam al-Husayn (a).

Position and Significance

Aqa Muhammad Shaykha, known as Muqbil Kashani or Muqbil Isfahani (d. 1157/1744), was a Shi'a poet of the Safavid era[1] who was renowned for his commitment and belief in poetry.[2] He is the founder of the Vaqi'a-sarayi style Template:Note in elegy poetry; a style that later drew the attention of elegy-composing poets.[3] His works influenced poets in Iran and the Indian Subcontinentand are mentioned in sources such as ''Khazana-yi Amira'' and ''Maqalat al-Shu'ara'' under the titles ''Vaqi'at-i Mashhur'' and ''Vaqi'at-i 'Alamgir''.[4]

Muqbil used to recite his Vaqi'a poems in mourning assemblies. Therefore, his poems are discussed more as an oral heritage of elegy rather than having written value.[5] His most famous poem is a Mathnawi which contains the hemistich "Buland-martaba shahi zi sadr-i zin uftad" (A high-ranking King fell from the top of the saddle).[6]

Biography

There is no precise information about Muqbil's life, but it is said that he was well-known in Isfahan.[7] After the Afghan invasion (1135/1722) and the turmoil at the end of the Safavid period, he migrated to India and was respected by orators and rulers in cities such as Thatta, Deccan, and Gujarat.[8] He passed away in Gujarat during the era of Nadir Shah.[9] His son transferred his bones to Karbala, but there is also a tomb in Kashan bearing his name.[10] However, some believe that the body was not transferred to Karbala and that he was buried in Kashan.[11]

Muqbil's Dream

According to the narration of Sabziwari in the book 'Adad al-sana, Muqbil Kashani wished to visit Karbala, but due to financial difficulties, the journey was not possible. After a friend covered his travel expenses, his caravan was attacked by bandits in Golpayegan. He was forced to stay there to work and earn the travel expenses again. On the Eve of Ashura, after the mourning ceremony and much weeping, he saw in a dream that he had gone to Karbala and entered the mourning assembly of the Prophet Muhammad (s) and Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a). In this assembly, Muhtasham Kashani was reciting verses from his famous poem, known as the tarkibband of Muhtasham, and received a robe of honor from the Prophet (s). Then Lady Fatima (a) requested the Prophet to let Muqbil recite poetry as well upon which he recited.

After that, Muqbil says: "I also wished to receive a robe of honor when suddenly I saw Imam al-Husayn (a) himself, headless and with a torn body, who said to me: 'Muqbil, do not be heartbroken, your robe of honor is with me'."[12]

In another account, it is stated that Muqbil mocked a weak elegy on the Day of Ashura and subsequently contracted leprosy. The following year, with a broken heart, he composed poems and saw the same dream on the Eve of Ashura. The Prophet (s) gave him the title "Muqbil" (Fortunate) and said: "Whoever composes poetry for my Husayn is 'Muqbil'." After that, he was cured and turned to composing elegies for the Ahl al-Bayt (a).[13]

Poetic Style

Muqbil is considered the innovator of the "Vaqia-sarayi" style, which is a branch of Elegy composition.[14] Most of his poems are composed in the Mathnawi format centering on the events of Ashura. Except for two ghazals, the rest of his works are in praise and elegy of religious figures.[15] According to Amir Hossein Modarres (the editor of Muqbil's Diwan), emotions prevail over epic aspects in Muqbil's poetry, and instead of characterization, he focused on scene-setting and imagery with words.[16]

Works

Image of the book Wahy bar Tufan, a collection of poems by Muqbil Isfahani edited by Amir Hossein Modarres

Muqbil's poems have been published in the collection '[['Vaqi'at-i Karbala (Lithograph in Lucknow)[17] and the Diwan ''Vaqi'at al-Taff'' has also been attributed to him.[18] Additionally, Asad Allah Raghib has collected and published his poems.[19]

The book Wahy bar Tufan (Soreh Mehr Publications), edited by Amir Hossein Modarres, has compiled Muqbil's poems. For this edition, Modarres examined fifteen manuscripts from Iran, Kashmir, and New Delhi.[20]

Notes

  1. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  2. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  3. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  4. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  5. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  6. ↑ "Jilva-yi ḥamāsa-yi Ḥusaynī dar adabiyyāt-i Fārsī", IBNA.
  7. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  8. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  9. ↑ Rāghib, Muqaddima-yi Dīvān-i Muqbil, 1371 Sh, p. 10.
  10. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  11. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  12. ↑ Sabziwārī, 'Adad al-sana, 1353 Sh, pp. 166-169.
  13. ↑ Rāghib, Muqaddima-yi Dīvān-i Muqbil, 1371 Sh, pp. 9-11; "Dāstān-i Muqbil; shaʾn wa jāygāh-i shi'r wa shā'irī, dhākir wa dhākirī", Pāygāh-i Iṭṭilā' Rasanī-yi Ḥawzah.
  14. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  15. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  16. ↑ "Jilva-yi ḥamāsa-yi Ḥusaynī dar adabiyyāt-i Fārsī", IBNA.
  17. ↑ Mīrbāqirī Fard et al., "Vāqi'a wa Muqbil Iṣfahānī", Matn-pazhūhī-yi Adabī.
  18. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.
  19. ↑ Rāghib, Muqaddima-yi Dīvān-i Muqbil, 1371 Sh, p. 2.
  20. ↑ Āqāyī, "Muqbil Iṣfahānī; shā'ir-i vāqi'a-sarā-yi 'Āshūrā", IQNA.

References

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