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'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt


ʿUqba b. Abī Muʿayṭ (killed in Ramadan 17, 2/624) was one of the fiercest enemies of the Prophet (s) and Muslims in Mecca. He was among the nobles of the Quraysh and leaders of the Umayyad tribe. 'Uqba is considered one of the planners and attackers of the Prophet's house on Laylat al-Mabit.

According to exegetes, 'Uqba was one of the individuals sent by the Quraysh to the Christians of Najran, and according to some, to the Jews of Medina, to learn questions about the claim of prophethood and put the Prophet (s) under pressure by raising and asking them. Some exegetes consider verses 27 and 28 of Sura al-Furqan and verse 9 of Sura al-Kahf to be about 'Uqba.

'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt was one of the ground-layers of the Battle of Badr, in which he was taken prisoner. By the order of the Prophet (s), 'Uqba was executed due to his great hostility toward the Muslims and the Prophet (s). His son, Walid b. 'Uqba, was an enemy of Imam 'Ali (a). Walid was appointed as the governor of Kufa during the caliphate of 'Uthman, but he was dismissed from this position after wine drinking and performing prayer in the Kufa Mosque while intoxicated, and Imam 'Ali (a) executed the religious limit (hadd) for drinking wine on him.

Introduction

'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt b. Abi 'Amr b. Umayya was one of the fiercest enemies of Islam and one of the harassers of the Prophet (s) and Muslims in Mecca.[1] He was among the nobles and wealthy people of the Quraysh in Mecca who played a role in the decisions of the polytheists against the Muslims.[2]

According to some exegetes, based on verse 9 of Sura al-Kahf, 'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt, along with two other people, went to the Christians of Najran on behalf of the Quraysh to investigate the Prophet (s) and his statements. They raised three questions, stating that if the Prophet (s) answered these questions, he is truthful and right, and otherwise, he is a liar.[3]

His son, Walid b. 'Uqba, was also an enemy of Imam 'Ali (a).[4] Walid b. 'Uqba was the governor of Kufa during the time of 'Uthman, who was dismissed from the governorship of Kufa due to wine drinking and performing prayer while intoxicated, and Imam 'Ali (a) executed the religious limit (hadd) on him.[5]

Harassment of the Prophet (s) and Muslims in Mecca

'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt was one of the enemies of the Muslims and harassers of the Prophet (s) in Mecca, who harassed the Prophet (s) and the Muslims at various times and situations.[6] According to historians, the Prophet (s) said, "Indeed, I was living in Mecca between two evil neighbors: 'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt and Abu Lahab." These two people always harassed the Prophet (s) with their actions.[7] Among 'Uqba's actions in confronting the Muslims and the Prophet (s), the following can be mentioned:

  • Encouraging the Quraysh infidels to participate in the Battle of Badr;[9]
  • Attacking the Prophet (s) and Muslims while they were engaged in prayer around Mecca.[10]
  • Mocking the Prophet (s): 'Uqba was among the individuals who mocked the Prophet (s) and gave verbal harassment.[11]
  • Placing sheep offal on the Prophet's back: According to historians, while the Prophet (s) was praying beside the Ka'ba and was in prostration,[12] 'Uqba, along with several leaders of the Quraysh, at the instigation of Abu Jahl, poured the offal of a freshly slaughtered sheep on the Prophet's back during prostration.[13] This insulting act was met with the reaction of Fatima (a), the daughter of the Prophet (s). After that, the Prophet (s) cursed all of them, including 'Uqba, and said, "I will see you outside Mecca while you are all killed." Finally, some of these people, including 'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt, were killed in the Battle of Badr and others in the Battle of Uhud.[14]
  • Strangling the Prophet (s): According to Ibn al-Athir, 'Uqba, at the instigation of Abu Jahl while the Prophet was engaged in prayer in the Masjid al-Haram, threw a cloth around the Prophet's neck and squeezed it so hard that the Prophet (s) almost lost his life until Abu Bakr pushed 'Uqba away from the Prophet (s).[15]

A Companion Who According to the Qur'an Causes Regret on the Day of Judgment

'Uqba's apostasy and spitting in the Prophet's face: It is said that 'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt had invited the Prophet (s) for food, and the Prophet (s) made eating the food conditional on testifying (testimony) to the oneness of God. 'Uqba also said the Shahadatayn to satisfy the Prophet (s) to eat the food. After Ubayy b. Umayya learned of this incident, he reproached 'Uqba, and 'Uqba stated this testimony to the oneness was superficial and out of necessity to satisfy the guest to eat the food; after that, Ubayy asked 'Uqba to spit in the Prophet's face, otherwise he would end his friendship with 'Uqba.[16] When 'Uqba saw the Prophet (s) in the Masjid al-Haram while praying, he stepped on the Prophet's back and spat in the Prophet's face.[17] According to some historians, the spit returned to 'Uqba's face and caused a burn on his face, the marks of which remained until his killing in the Battle of Badr.[18] According to some exegetical reports, verses 27 and 28 of Sura al-Furqan were revealed about 'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt, and they consider "a certain one as a friend" in verse 28 of Sura al-Furqan to mean 'Uqba, who harassed the Prophet (s) because of his friendship with Ubayy b. Khalaf.[19]

Captivity and Execution of 'Uqba in the Battle of Badr

'Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt was one of the ground-layers and standard-bearers of the Quraysh in the Battle of Badr.[20] He, along with Abu Jahl and Nadr b. al-Harith, encouraged those who were hesitant to enter the war, such as Harith b. 'Amir, Umayya b. Khalaf, 'Utba and Shayba the sons of Rabi'a, Hakim b. Hizam, Abu l-Bakhtari, Ubayy b. Umayya b. Khalaf, and 'As b. Munabbih, by attributing fear to them.[21]

'Uqba was taken prisoner in the Battle of Badr by 'Abd Allah b. Salama b. Malik al-'Ajlani.[22] 'Uqba was killed at the order of the Prophet (s) by the hand of 'Amir b. Thabit[23] or according to some historians by the hand of 'Asim b. Thabit al-Ansari,[24] from the Aws tribe, due to his actions in hostility toward Islam and the Prophet (s).[25] According to historians, 'Uqba was killed in the region of Safra' and according to one account in the region of 'Irq al-Zubya by killing in cold blood (qatl sabr).[26] Some sources have reported that he requested forgiveness from the Prophet (s) at the time of execution; but it was not accepted.[27] It is also said that 'Uqba was the first person in Islam whose body was hung from a tree after being killed.[28] According to al-Waqidi, the Muslim historian, the Prophet (s) after the killing of 'Uqba, introduced him as a disbeliever in God and the Prophet and a harasser of the Prophet of God, and considered 'Uqba's killing as the delight of his eyes and thanked God.[29]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 74; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 399.
  2. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 74; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 399.
  3. ↑ Ṭabāṭabā'ī, al-Mīzān, 1352 SH, vol. 13, p. 278; Fayḍ Kāshānī, Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 234.
  4. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 6, p. 101; Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, 1373 SH, p. 581.
  5. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, vol. 1, p. 337; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, vol. 4, p. 44.
  6. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 74; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 399.
  7. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 131; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 157.
  8. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 176.
  9. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 363.
  10. ↑ Balādhurī, Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 4, p. 424.
  11. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 226.
  12. ↑ Ibn Isḥāq, Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq, p. 210; Ansāb al-aʿyān, vol. 1, p. 125; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 3, p. 44.
  13. ↑ Ibn Isḥāq, Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq, p. 210; Ansāb al-aʿyān, vol. 1, p. 125; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 3, p. 44.
  14. ↑ Ibn Isḥāq, Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq, p. 210; Ansāb al-aʿyān, vol. 1, p. 125; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 3, p. 44.
  15. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 208; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 215.
  16. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 138; Ṭabāṭabā'ī, al-Mīzān, 1352 SH, vol. 15, p. 207; Fakhr Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 24, p. 454; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 1404 AH, vol. 5, p. 68.
  17. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 138; Ṭabāṭabā'ī, al-Mīzān, 1352 SH, vol. 15, p. 207; Fakhr Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 24, p. 454; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 1404 AH, vol. 5, p. 68.
  18. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 138; Ṭabāṭabā'ī, al-Mīzān, 1352 SH, vol. 15, p. 207; Fakhr Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 24, p. 454; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 1404 AH, vol. 5, p. 68.
  19. ↑ Ṭabāṭabā'ī, al-Mīzān, 1352 SH, vol. 15, p. 207; Fakhr Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 24, p. 454; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 1404 AH, vol. 5, p. 68.
  20. ↑ Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 88; Balādhurī, Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 349; Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 58.
  21. ↑ Balādhurī, Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 1, p. 292; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 88.
  22. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 147; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 13; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 644.
  23. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 15.
  24. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 7; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 533; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 644.
  25. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 148; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 4, p. 1905; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 644; Balādhurī, Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 1, p. 355.
  26. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 148; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 4, p. 1905; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 644; Balādhurī, Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 1, p. 355.
  27. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 1, p. 147; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaقāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 13; Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 114.
  28. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 74.
  29. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 114.

References

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