Fourteen Infallibles
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| Theology | |
|---|---|
| Tawhid (Monotheism) | Tawhid of Essence • Tawhid in Attributes • Tawhid in Actions • Tawhid in Worship |
| Other Beliefs | Tawassul • Shafa'a • Tabarruk |
| Divine Justice | |
| Bada' • Amr Bayn al-Amrayn | |
| Prophethood | |
| Infallibility • 'Ilm al-ghayb • Mu'jiza • Integrity of the Holy Qur'an | |
| Imamate | |
| Infallibility • Wilaya • 'Ilm al-ghayb • Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a) (Minor Occultation,Major Occultation) • Reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (a) • Raj'a | |
| Resurrection | |
| End Time • Hereafter • Barzakh • Embodiment of Actions •Bodily Resurrection • Al-Sirat • Tatayur al-Kutub • Mizan • Hashr | |
| Other Outstanding Beliefs | |
| Ahl al-Bayt (a) • The Fourteen Infallibles • Taqiyya • Marja'iyya • Tawalli • Tabarri | |
The Fourteen Infallibles are fourteen figures in Islam which are deemed by Twelver Shiites to be infallible and immune from any sins and mistakes, including the Holy Prophet (s), and thirteen of his Ahl al-Bayt (a), that is, his daughter, Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a) and the twelve Shiite Imams (a).
The Shiites call this feature (being immune from any sins and mistakes) 'isma (Arabic: عِصمَة) and people who possess the feature ma'sum (Arabic: معصوم). The belief has its origins in the al-Tathir Verse, the Uli l-Amr Verse, Hadith al-Thaqalayn, and some other Qur'anic verses, hadiths and evidence. Infallibles are the Prophet (s), Lady Fatima (a), Imam 'Ali (a), Imam al-Hasan (a), Imam al-Husayn (a), and the nine Imams (a) from the descendants of Imam al-Husan (a).
Place
For Shiites, the Fourteen Infallibles (a) have the position of 'isma —infallibility with respect to sins and mistakes—and are superior to all the Sahaba (the Prophet's (s) companions) with respect to their abstinence (taqwa) and divine grace, and it is obligatory for all Muslims to love and respect them. According to Shiite doctrines, Ahl al-Bayt (a) are leaders and authorities of all Muslims; that is, Muslims should consult them in religious matters.[1]
| Name | Titles | Kunya | Position | Birth | Place of Birth | Demise | Place of Demise | Cause | Place of Burial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah | Rasul Allah | Abu l-Qasim | The Prophet of Islam | 12 or 17 of Rabi' I, 'Am al-Fil/May 6, or 11, 570 | Mecca | Safar 28, 11/May 28, 632 | Medina | - | Medina |
| 'Ali b. Abi Talib | Amir al-Mu'minin | Abu l-Hasan, Abu Turab | The first Imam of Shiites | Rajab 13, 23 BH/October 1, 600 | Mecca (Ka'ba) | Ramadan 21, 40/January 28, 661 | Kufa | Stroked by Ibn Muljam al-Muradi's sword | Najaf |
| Fatima | al-Zahra, al-Siddiqa, al-Batul | Umm Abiha, Umm al-A'imma | Mother of Imams | Jumada II 20, 8 BH/March 30, 615 | Mecca | Jumada II 3, 11/August 26, 632 | Medina | Injuries caused to her when she resisted to pledge her allegiance to Abu Bakr's caliphate under duress | Unknown |
| Al-Hasan b. Ali | al-Mujtaba | Abu Muhammad | The second Imam of Shiites | Ramadan 15, 3/March 1, 625 | Medina | Safar 28, 50/March 27, 670 | Medina | Poisoned by his wife, Ja'da bt. al-Ash'ath b. Qays, motivated by Mu'awiyya | Medina (al-Baqi') |
| Al-Husayn b. Ali | Sayyid al-Shuhada | Abu 'Abd Allah | The third Imam of Shiites | Sha'ban 3, 4/January 8, 626 | Medina | Muharram 10, 61/October 10, 680 | Karbala | Martyred together with his companions in a battle with the army of Yazid b. Mu'awiyya | Karbala |
| Ali b. al-Husayn | Al-Sajjad, Zayn al-'Abidin | Abu l-Hasan | The fourth Imam of Shiites | Sha'ban 5, 38/January 6, 659 | Medina | Muharram 25, 95/October 21, 713 | Medina | Poisoned by the order of Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik | Medina (al-Baqi') |
| Muhammad b. 'Ali | Baqir al-'Ulum | Abu Ja'far | The fifth Imam of Shiites | Rajab 1, 57/May 10, 677 | Medina | Dhu l-Hijja 7, 114/January 28, 733 | Medina | Poisoned by the order of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik | Medina (al-Baqi') |
| Ja'far b. Muhammad | Al-Sadiq | Abu 'Abd Allah | The sixth Imam of Shiites | Rabi' I 17, 83/April 20, 702 | Medina | Shawwal 25, 148/December 14, 765 | Medina | Poisoned by the order of al-Mansur | Medina (al-Baqi') |
| Musa b. Ja'far | Al-Kazim | Abu l-Hasan | The seventh Imam of Shiites | Safar 7, 128/November 8, 745 | Medina | Rajab 25, 183/September 1, 799 | Kadhimiya | Poisoned by the order of Harun al-Radhid | Kadhimiya |
| 'Ali b. Musa | Al-Rida | Abu l-Hasan | The eighth Imam of Shiites | Dhu l-Qa'da 11, 148/December 29, 765 | Medina | Safar 29, 203/September 5, 818 | Tus, Mashhad | Poisoned by the order of al-Ma'mun | Mashhad |
| Muhammad b. 'Ali | Al-Taqi, al-Jawad | Abu Ja'far | The ninth Imam of Shiites | Rajab 10, 195/April 8, 811 | Medina | Dhu l-Qa'da 29, 220/November 24, 835 | Kadhimiya | Poisoned by al-Mu'tasim, by his wife, Umm al-Fadl | Kadhimiya |
| 'Ali b. Muhammad | Al-Hadi, al-Naqi | Abu l-Hasan | The tenth Imam of Shiites | Dhu l-Hijja 15, 212/March 6, 828 | Medina | Rajab 3, 254/June 28, 868 | Samarra | Poisoned by the order of al-Mu'tazz | Samarra |
| Al-Hasan b. 'Ali | Al-Zaki, al-'Askari | Abu Muhammad | The eleventh Imam of Shiites | Rabi' II 8, 232/December 2, 846 | Medina | Rabi' I 8, 260/January 1, 874 | Samarra | Poisoned by the order of al-Mu'tamid | Samarra |
| Muhammad b. al-Hasan | al-Qa'im | Abu l-Qasim | The Twelfth Imam of Shiites | Sha'ban 15, 255/July 29, 869 | Samarra | He is alive and is hidden from people | - | - | - |
See Also
Notes
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād fī fahm tajrīd al-iʿtiqād qism al-Ilāhīyāt, p. 155-156 and 184; Lāhījī, Sarmāya-yi imān dar ʾuṣūl-i iʿtiqādāt, p. 90 and 114-115; Sayyid Murtaḍā, al-Shāfī fī al-imama, vol. 4, p. 95; Subḥānī, al-Ilāhīyāt ʿalā hudā al-kitāb wa al-sunnat wa al-ʿaql, vol. 4, p. 129; Majlisī, Imām shināsi, p. 49-61.
References
- Fayyāz Lāhījī. Sarmāya-yi imān dar ʾuṣūl-i iʿtiqādāt. Edited by Ṣādiq Lārījānī, Tehran: Al-Zahrāʾ, 1372 Sh.
- Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Kashf al-murād fī fahm tajrīd al-iʿtiqād qism al-Ilāhīyāt. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām Ṣādiq (a), 1382 Sh.
- Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Imām shināsi. Fifth volume of Ḥayāt al-qulūb. Qom: Surūr, 1384 Sh.
- Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
- Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Al-Ilāhīyāt ʿalā hudā al-kitāb wa al-sunnat wa al-ʿaql. 3rd ed. Qom: Markaz al-Alāmī li-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyya, 1412 AH.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Kamāl al-dīn wa itmām al-niʿma. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1395 AH.
- Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. Baṣā'ir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH.