Draft:April

April (French: Avril) is the fourth month of the year in both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is one of the four months comprising 30 days. In Iran and the Northern Hemisphere, April corresponds to the spring season, aligning with the Persian months of Farvardin and Ordibehesht.

Events

April 1

• 1924: A missive from the scholars of Qom—al-Isfahani, Gharawi Naini, and Hairi Yazdi—to the scholars of Tehran expressing opposition to the Republic of Reza Shah. (26 Shabaan 1342/1 April 1924)
• 1389/1969: Severance of diplomatic relations between Iran and Lebanon following the Lebanese government's refusal to extradite Timur Bakhtiar. (13 Muharram 1389/1 April 1969)
• 1399/1979: Administration and announcement of the referendum results establishing the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iran. (3 Jamad ul ula 1399/1 April 1979)
• 1445/2024: Missile attack by the Zionist regime on the consulate of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Damascus, resulting in the martyrdom of seven Iranian advisors. (21 Ramadaan 1445/1 April 2024)

April 2

• 1430/2009: Founding of Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen (MWM), a Shia political party in Pakistan, in Islamabad. (6 Rabi u thani 1430/2 April 2009)
• 1896: Demise of Muhammad Hasan I'timad al-Saltana, a courtier of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and author of Khayrat hisan. (14 Farvardin 1275)

April 3

• 1967: Demise of Mujtaba Qazwini, a Shia jurist and prominent figure of the School of Tafkik. (1346)
• 1986: Demise of Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Shari'atmadari, founder of Dar al-Tabligh al-Islami and the journal Maktab-yi Islam. (14 Farvardin 1365)
• 2012: The Chilas incident: a massacre of Shia bus passengers in Gilgit, Pakistan, by extremist anti-Shia groups. (15 Farvardin 1391)
• 2016: Demise of Shaykh Mufid al-Faqih, a scholar from Lebanon. (15 Farvardin 1395)

April 4

• 1941: Demise of Parvin E'tesami, a renowned Iranian poet. (15 Farvardin 1320)
• 1960: Declaration of Senegal's independence from French colonial rule. (15 Farvardin 1339)
• 1980: Expulsion of Fayli Kurds from Iraq by the Ba'th Party on charges of being Iranian, Shia, and Kurdish. (16 Farvardin 1359)

April 5

• 1925: Demise of Mahdi al-Khalisi, a Shia Marja' in Iraq who issued a fatwa of jihad against the British. (16 Farvardin 1304)
• 1954: Demise of Muhammad 'Ali Mudarris Tabrizi, author of Rayhanat al-adab. (1 Sha'ban 1373)
• 1985: Demise of Abbas Ali Islami, founder of the Jami'a Ta'limat Islami (Society of Islamic Instructions). (25 Rajab 1406)

April 6

• 1877: Completion of the "Mughul Shia" mosque, also known as the "Panja Mosque" (Iranians' Mosque), the primary gathering place for Shias in Yangon, Myanmar. (12 Rabi' I 1293)

April 7

• 1979: Commencement of the Shia uprising in Daykundi against the communist government of Afghanistan, led by Muhammad Husayn Sadiqi Nili. (9 Jumada I 1399/18 Farvardin 1358)
• 1999: Demise of Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Radawi Kashmiri, a jurist, mystic, and professor at the Najaf Seminary and Qom Seminary. (20 Dhu l-Hijja 1419/18 Farvardin 1378)
• 2006: Terrorist attack on the Buratha Mosque, a significant Shia center in Baghdad, resulting in the martyrdom of 69 individuals. (18 Farvardin 1385)
• 2013: Demise of 'Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli, a Shia cleric and influential figure in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province. (27 Jumada I 1434/18 Farvardin 1392)

April 8

• 1897: Demise of Mirza Abu l-Hasan Jilwa, a Shia peripatetic philosopher. (6 Dhu l-Qa'da 1314/20 Farvardin 1276)
• 1979: Announcement of the formation of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan, led by Muhammad Asif Muhsini Qandahari. (19 Farvardin 1358)
• 1980: Martyrdom of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, a Marja' and co-founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, by the Ba'th Party. (22 Jumada I 1400/19 Farvardin 1359)
• 1980: Martyrdom of Bint al-Huda al-Sadr, an author and cultural-political activist in Iraq, by the Ba'th Party. (22 Jumada I 1400/19 Farvardin 1359)
• 2019: Designation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Quds Force as terrorist organizations by the US government. (19 Farvardin 1398)

April 9

• 1948: Massacre of the inhabitants of Deir Yassin village (estimated 250–360 victims) by Israeli military units, followed by the village's destruction and occupation. (20 Farvardin 1327)
• 2003: End of Saddam Hussein's rule and the fall of the Ba'th Party in Iraq following intervention by the United States and the United Kingdom. (20 Farvardin 1382)

April 10

• 1999: Martyrdom of Ali Sayyad Shirazi, a commander in the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, assassinated by the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). (23 Dhu l-Hijja 1419/21 Farvardin 1378)

April 11

• 1946: Independence of Syria from the French mandate. (22 Farvardin 1325)
• 1995: Official inauguration of the new building for the Library of Astan Quds Razavi. (22 Farvardin 1374)
• 1996: Execution of Operation Grapes of Wrath by Israel; a sixteen-day offensive against Palestinian people, including the Qana massacre. (23 Farvardin 1375)
• 2010: Election of Raja Nasir Abbas Jafri as the first Secretary-General of Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen, a Shia political party in Pakistan. (22 Farvardin 1389)

April 12

• 1948: Massacre of residents of Qalunya village on the al-Quds–Jaffa road by Israeli military units. (23 Farvardin 1327)
• 1978: Establishment of Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan, the first Shia political party in Pakistan. (23 Farvardin 1358)
• 2008: Explosion at the Shohada Husayniyya in Shiraz, resulting in 14 martyrs and 200 injuries. (24 Farvardin 1387)

April 13

• 1975: Outbreak of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War. (24 Farvardin 1354)

April 14

• 1903: Birth of Henry Corbin, a French philosopher, Iranologist, and scholar of Shia studies. (24 Farvardin 1282)
• 2024: Iran's retaliatory attack on Israel following the Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus. (5 Shawwal 1445/26 Farvardin 1403)

April 15

• 1982: Execution by firing squad of Khalid Islambouli, the assassin of Anwar Sadat, then-president of Egypt. (26 Farvardin 1361)

April 16

• 1613: Signing of a peace treaty between Iran and the Ottoman Empire in Isfahan. (27 Farvardin 922)
• 1988: Assassination of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad), a co-founder of the Fatah movement in Palestine and deputy to Yasser Arafat, by Israel. (27 Farvardin 1367)

April 17

• 2004: Assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, a leader of Hamas, by Israel. (29 Farvardin 1383)
• 2024: Commencement of protest gatherings by US university students in support of the people of Gaza. (29 Farvardin 1403)

April 18

• 1996: The Qana massacre, the killing of rural civilians in Lebanon by the Zionist regime, recognized as the first genocide in the conflict. (30 Farvardin 1375)

April 19

• 2022: Massacre of Shia students in the Dasht-e Barchi area due to two bomb explosions. (30 Farvardin 1401)

April 20

• 1944: Demise of Aqa Najafi Quchani, author of Siyahat-yi gharb and Siyahat-yi sharq. (26 Rabi' II 1363/31 Farvardin 1323)

April 21

• 1802: Wahhabi sack of Karbala and the massacre of Shias. (18 Dhu l-Hijja 1216/1 Ordibehesht 1181)
• 1802: Martyrdom of 'Abd al-Samad al-Hamadani, a mystic, jurist, and theologian, during the Wahhabi sack of Karbala. (18 Dhu l-Hijja 1216/1 Ordibehesht 1181)
• 1926: Destruction of the al-Baqi' cemetery and the shrines of the Imams of al-Baqi' by the Wahhabis. (8 Shawwal 1344/31 Farvardin 1305)
• 1938: Demise of Iqbal Lahori, a Pakistani poet, philosopher, and politician. (1 Ordibehesht 1317)

April 22

• 1948: Massacre of the people of Haifa; a midnight raid by Zionists on homes, resulting in the deaths of 150 Palestinians. (2 Ordibehesht 1327)
• 1979: Establishment of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps by order of Imam Khomeini. (2 Ordibehesht 1358)
• 1988: Incorporation of the phrase Bismi llah al-Rahman al-Rahim into the preamble of the constitution of Bangladesh.
• 1994: Demise of Sayyid Sadr al-Din Balaghi, a preacher, writer, and co-founder of the Hizb-yi Jumhuri-yi Khalq-yi Musalman (Muslim People's Republic Party). (11 Dhu l-Qa'da 1414/2 Ordibehesht 1373)

April 23

• 1977: Demise of 'Ali Muhammad Waziri, founder of the Waziri Library in Yazd. (4 Jumada I 1397/3 Ordibehesht 1356)
• 2009: Demise of 'Aqil Turabi, a Shia orator from India, member of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) World Assembly, and the Council of Islamic Ideology of Pakistan. (27 Rabi' II 1430/3 Ordibehesht 1388)

April 24

• 1953: Demise of Mirza Mahdi Ashtiyani, a Shia philosopher and mystic. (9 Sha'ban 1372/4 Ordibehesht 1332)
• 2013: Death of Mullah Omar, the founder and first leader of the Taliban in Afghanistan. (13 Jumada II 1434/4 Ordibehesht 1392)
• 2014: Demise of Muslim Malakuti, a jurist, Friday Prayer Imam of Tabriz, member of the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom, and member of the Assembly of Experts. (24 Jumada II 1435/4 Ordibehesht 1393)
• 2020: Demise of Ibrahim Amini Najafabadi, a Mujtahid, author, representative of the Assembly of Experts, and Friday Prayer Imam of Qom. (30 Sha'ban 1441/5 Ordibehesht 1399)

April 25

• 1492: Fall of Granada to the forces of the Kingdom of Spain, marking the end of the last Islamic state in Europe.
• 1815: Birth of Mirza Shirazi, a Shia Marja' and issuer of the Tobacco Fatwa. (15 Jumada I 1230/4 Ordibehesht 1194)
• 1980: Failure of American forces in Operation Eagle Claw in the Tabas desert, a mission intended to rescue hostages from the US embassy. (5 Ordibehesht 1359)
• 1996: Demise of Sayyid Rida Burqa'i, co-founder of the Office for the Publication of Islamic Culture and author of religious textbooks. (6 Dhu l-Hijja 1416 AH/6 Ordibehesht 1375)

April 26

• 1964: Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to form the independent Republic of Tanzania. (6 Ordibehesht 1343)
• 1996: Conclusion of Israel's 16-day Operation Grapes of Wrath, which killed over 175 people; this period included the Qana massacre, where more than 106 Palestinians were killed by Israel. (7 Ordibehesht 1375)
• 1999: Demise of Akhtar Abbas Najafi, a Shia scholar from Pakistan. (9 Muharram 1420/6 Ordibehesht 1378)

April 27

• 1939: Demise of Muhammad Ja'far Mahallati, professor at the Samarra Seminary and Najaf Seminary and leader of the anti-British uprising in southern Iran, who issued a fatwa of jihad against British colonial presence. (7 Rabi' I 1358/6 Ordibehesht 1318)
• 1978: Coup d'état by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan in Kabul, leading to the establishment of a communist government. (7 Ordibehesht 1357)
• 2022: Restoration of Maqam Ra's al-Husayn in Cairo by the Bohras, a branch of the Isma'ili sect. (25 Ramadan 1443/7 Ordibehesht 1401)

April 28

• 1920: Capture of Baku, capital of Azerbaijan, by order of Lenin, leader of the communist government of Russia. (9 Sha'ban 1338/8 Ordibehesht 1299)
• 1969: Expulsion of five hundred Iranians from Iraq by the Ba'thist government. (8 Ordibehesht 1348)
• 1992: Entry of the Mujahideen of Afghanistan into Kabul following the collapse of Najibullah's government. (25 Shawwal 1412/8 Ordibehesht 1371)

April 29

• 1866: Birth of Sayyid Ali Qadi Tabataba'i, a mystic and ethics teacher at the Najaf Seminary. (13 Dhu l-Hijja 1282/9 Ordibehesht 1245)
• 1919: Demise of Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Yazdi, a Shia Marja' and author of the jurisprudential work Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqa. (28 Rajab 1337/8 Ordibehesht 1298)
• 1942: Demise of Nasir Diwan Kazaruni, leader of the uprising in Kazerun against the colonial presence of the British. (9 Ordibehesht 1321)
• 1985: Demise of Asad Haydar, a Shia researcher and scholar in Iraq. (9 Ordibehesht 1364)

April 30

• 711: Muslim conquest of Gibraltar and entry into Europe under Umayyad rule.
• 1896: Assassination of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar, the fourth monarch of the Qajar dynasty. (17 Dhu l-Qa'da 1313 AH/11 Ordibehesht 1275)
• 1969: Suspension of congregational prayers in Najaf and closure of the Najaf Seminary by Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim in protest against the Iraqi Ba'th government. (10 Ordibehesht 1348)
• 1982: Launch of Operation Bayt al-Muqaddas during the Sacred Defense War, leading to the Liberation of Khorramshahr. (10 Ordibehesht 1361)
• 2013: Exhumation of Hujr b. 'Adi, a special companion of Imam Ali (a), by the Takfiri group al-Nusra Front, accompanied by threats to repeat the act at the Holy Shrine of Lady Zaynab (a). (10 Ordibehesht 1392)
• 2015: Reopening of the Imam Hasan al-Askari Mosque in Qom following reconstruction and expansion led by Lutfullah Safi Gulpaygani. (10 Ordibehesht 1394)