Jump to content

Draft:Isfahan

Add links
From wikishia

Iṣfahān (Persian: اصفهان) is a major metropolis in central Iran, renowned for its profound historical and civilizational contributions to Islam and particularly Shi'ism. As the capital during the Safavid era, Isfahan became a focal point for Shia scholarship, leading to the establishment of the Isfahan Seminary. The city is adorned with numerous religious edifices, including mosques and seminaries, and has been home to distinguished scholars such as Majlisi the First, 'Allama Majlisi, Shaykh Baha'i, Sayyid Hasan Mudarris, and Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi. The seminary continues to function as a pivotal center for religious education in Iran, currently under the leadership of Husayn Mazahiri, a Shia Marja'.

Following the Muslim conquest, Isfahan was predominantly known for Sunnism and even Nasibi tendencies until at least the 4th/10th century. However, the ascendancy of the Buyid dynasty in the first half of the 4th/10th century marked a transformative period, as the migration of Sayyids and Shi'as gradually shifted the city's religious demographic. By the 8th/14th and 9th/15th centuries, a notable mutual understanding had developed between the Sunni and Shia communities in Isfahan.

The rise of the Safavid monarchy in 907/1501 established Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran. In 1006/1598, Shah 'Abbas I relocated the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan, further solidifying the city's religious significance. The Isfahan Shia seminary was formally organized in the latter half of the 10th/16th century, bolstered by scholars like Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki, who migrated from Jabal Amel (in present-day Lebanon) to transform Isfahan into a hub for Shia religious sciences and arts. This era also witnessed the construction of many of Isfahan's iconic mosques and seminaries, such as the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque and the Hakim Mosque.

Isfahan has long served as a primary center for the Shia Seminary in Iran. Historical accounts suggest that in the 11th/17th century, gatherings could include as many as 60 fully qualified Mujtahids. The city gave birth to the School of Isfahan (Philosophical School), associated with figures like Mir Damad and his disciples. Seminal works such as Bihar al-anwar by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi and Al-Qabasat by Mir Damad were composed here. Isfahani scholars were also pioneers in authoring Shia texts in Persian. Additionally, Isfahan was a stronghold of Akhbarism, with scholars like Muhammad Taqi Majlisi, Fayd Kashani, and Fadil Tuni adopting Akhbari perspectives.

Shia scholars from Isfahan have consistently influenced major political and religious events, including the Tobacco Protest during the Qajar era, the promotion of domestic goods prior to the Constitutional Revolution, the Constitutional Revolution itself, the Nationalization of the Oil Industry movement, and the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

Isfahan is home to numerous religious and Shia structures from various periods, including at least 25 shrines of Imamzadas, 800 mosques, and over 185 seminaries, as well as Khanqahs and Sufi Takyehs. The Takht-e Fulad cemetery, one of the largest and most famous in the Muslim world, is located in Isfahan and contains a grave attributed to Prophet Yusha' (a), along with numerous Takyehs and mausoleums.

Position and Importance

Isfahan, centrally located in Iran, boasts a rich historical and civilizational legacy within Islam, particularly Shi'ism. It served as a capital for the Safavids, who designated Shi'ism as the state religion. This status fostered a concentration of Shia scholars, the development of the seminary, the erection of enduring religious structures, and the flourishing of Safavid culture and civilization.[1]

Prominent religious scholars, including Majlisi the father and the son, Shaykh Baha'i, Mulla Sadra, Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, and Rahim Arbab, resided in Isfahan. The city is also the epicenter of Akhbarism, a significant Shia hadith and jurisprudential movement. Influential texts like Bihar al-anwar were compiled here, and the Isfahan Seminary ranks among the three principal seminaries in Iran.[2]

The Takht-e Fulad cemetery is one of the oldest and largest in the Islamic world, serving as the resting place for numerous notable figures. Architectural masterpieces such as the Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Chaharbagh School, and Sadr School exemplify Shia architecture in Isfahan. Isfahani scholars played an active role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and were influential in the events leading to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.[3]

Arrival of Islam; From Sunni Isfahan to Shia Isfahan

The pre-Islamic history of Isfahan is obscured by myths and legends, with its original founder remaining unknown.[4] While habitation in the region is hypothesized to date back to 3000 BC,[5] scholars like Lockhart suggest that a unified city named Isfahan did not exist until the 4th/10th century.[6] Prior to this, Jay served as the primary city of the region, a distinction noted by Al-Biruni.[7]

Arrival of Islam in Isfahan

Arab Muslims conquered the Isfahan region around 20/641 during the caliphate of Umar b. al-Khattab, leading to the settlement of some Arab tribes.[8]

Under Imam 'Ali (a), the city was governed by Yazid b. Qays al-Arhabi and Makhnaf b. Sulaym b. Harith.[9] The 'Abd al-Qays Clan, devoted Shi'as from Al-Mada'in who supported Imam 'Ali (a) in the Battle of Jamal, later migrated to Isfahan and Qazvin, contributing to the spread of Shi'ism.[10]

Following Imam 'Ali (a), the Umayyads assumed control. During this period, Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi installed a group of Kurds in Isfahan who persecuted the Shia population.[11]

Status of Shi'ism and Shi'as Before the Buyid Era

For centuries after the Muslim conquest, Isfahan was known for its extreme Sunnism and Nasibism.[12] In the 4th/10th century, Abu Bakr al-Khwarazmi noted the city's reputation for Nasibi tendencies.[13] The earliest Shia movement in Isfahan dates to the late Umayyad period, led by 'Abd Allah b. Mu'awiya, a descendant of 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far b. Abi Talib, who briefly centered his revolt in the city.[14]

The presence of Imamzada shrines[15] and Isfahani companions of the Shia Imams indicates a Shia presence by the late 2nd/8th and 3rd/9th centuries.[16] Notable Isfahani companions include Ibrahim b. Qutayba, Sari b. Salama (companion of Imam al-Hadi (a)), 'Abd al-Rahman al-Isfahani, and others.[17] Prominent figures like Ahmad b. 'Alawiyya (Abu l-Aswad al-Katib) and Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani, a Zaydi author, also hailed from Isfahan.[18]

Sunnis devoted to the Ahl al-Bayt (a) helped moderate extreme Sunnism in the city.[19] The arrival of scholars like Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Thaqafi al-Kufi, author of Al-Gharat, played a crucial role in countering anti-Ahl al-Bayt sentiments.[20] Researchers have identified 54 Isfahani narrators in Imami books up to the end of the 4th/10th century.[21]

Isfahan in the Buyid Era

The Buyid dynasty, a Shia ruling family, conquered Isfahan prior to 334/945-46.[22] Their rule facilitated the migration of Sayyids and Shi'as to the city.[23] The influential Buyid vizier Sahib b. 'Abbad was instrumental in promoting love for the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and Shi'ism in Isfahan and central Iran,[24] composing poetry in their honor.[25]

The influx of Sayyids further reduced Sunni extremism.[26] The 5th/11th-century book Muntaqilat al-talibiyya lists 33 prominent Sayyids who migrated to Isfahan,[27] though this likely represents only a fraction of the total migration.[28]

Despite persistent Hanbali influence, narrators transmitting traditions on the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) began to emerge.[29] Historical accounts from the 4th/10th century indicate the presence of Shia scholars and sympathizers.[30] Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani reports debates between the Shia scholar 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad al-Kinani and Sunni scholars.[31] Sunni figures like Abu Mas'ud al-Razi also worked to eliminate hostility toward the Ahl al-Bayt (a).[32]

From Buyids to Mongol Invasion

Following the Buyids, the Shia Kakuyids ruled central Iran and Isfahan from the late 4th/10th century until 443/1051-52, when they were displaced by Tughril Seljuq.[33]

In the 6th/12th century, Isfahan remained a center of anti-Shia sentiment, with Shi'as existing as an active minority.[34] Muntajab al-Din al-Razi mentions several Isfahani Shia scholars from this period in his Al-Fihrist.[35] Conversely, the author of Al-Naqd notes that Shafi'i scholars like Bu Mansur Mashadhah held Ashura mourning ceremonies.[36]

Shia scholars persisted into the 7th/13th century.[37] Notably, Abu l-Sa'adat al-Isfahani is cited as a prominent Shia scholar prior to the Mongol invasion.[38]

From Mongol Invasion to the Rise of Safavids

Jameh Mosque (Atiq Mosque), the oldest historical building in Isfahan

Isfahan fell to the Mongols in 633/1235-36 and subsequently came under Ilkhanid rule. During this period (7th/13th and 8th/14th centuries), an active minority promoted Shi'ism.[39] Baha' al-Din Muhammad Juwayni, the ruler of Isfahan, harbored Shia sympathies[40] and supported the scholar 'Imad al-Din al-Tabari, inviting him from Qom.[41] Al-Tabari authored numerous works promoting Shi'ism, including Kamil-i Baha'i, dedicated to Baha' al-Din.[42] However, when Oljeitu declared his conversion to Shi'ism and minted Shia coins, Isfahan and other Sunni cities resisted, resulting in punitive measures.[43]

By the 8th/14th and 9th/15th centuries, a mutual understanding known as Twelve-Imam Sunnism emerged between Sunnis and Shi'as in Isfahan.[44] This is evidenced by inscriptions featuring the names of the Twelve Imams (a) alongside the Three Caliphs, such as those at the Baba Qasim Mausoleum and the Oljeitu Mihrab in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan.[45] Similar inscriptions appear at the Pir Bakran Mausoleum.[46] Some of these structures were built by the Muzaffarids, Shafi'i Sunnis who respected Shia figures.[47]

Under the Qara Qoyunlu in the 9th/15th century, the Darb-i Imam building was constructed (857/1453).[48] The ruler's construction of tombs for two Imamzadas suggests Shia leanings.[49] During the Aq Qoyunlu era, the Darb-i Kushk Zawiya portal was built, featuring Shia slogans and the Hadith 'Ana madinat al-'ilm wa 'Ali babuha'.[50]

The presence of influential Shia families like the Al Torka[51] and the copying of works by Al-Allama al-Hilli in Isfahan[52] indicate that the city was well-prepared for the Safavid ascendancy.[53]

Safavids and Transformation of Isfahan into the Capital of Shi'ism

The Safavid dynasty established rule in Iran in 907/1501-02,[54] declaring Shi'ism the official religion with the Friday sermon in Tabriz.[55] Shah Isma'il I's entry into Isfahan marked the eradication of Sunnism in the region.[56] Prepared by centuries of gradual change, Isfahan accepted Shi'ism without recorded resistance.[57] In 1006/1597-98, Shah 'Abbas I moved the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan.[58] The French traveler Jean Chardin later described Isfahan as one of the world's largest cities.[59]

Formation of Shia Seminary

Main article: Isfahan Seminary

The official Isfahan Seminary was established in the second half of the 10th/16th century following the official adoption of Shi'ism.[60] It was founded by Shia scholars migrating from Jabal Amel,[61] including 'Ali b. Hilal al-Minshar al-Karaki, Husayn b. Abd al-Samad al-Harithi, and Shaykh Baha'i.[62] During the Safavid era, 58 seminaries were constructed,[63] positioning Isfahan as the center of Shia religious sciences and arts.[64]

Establishment of Friday Prayer

Friday Prayer became regular in Isfahan in the first half of the 11th/17th century, led by Muhammad Taqi Majlisi (d. 1070/1660) and subsequently the Majlisi Family.[65] Prior leaders included Mir Damad and Shaykh Baha'i,[66] with Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki leading the first Shia Friday prayer.[67]

The Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan often held or influenced the appointment of Friday Imams in major cities.[68] Sayyid Muslih al-Din Mahdavi Isfahani lists 22 Friday Imams up to 1395/1975.[69] Sayyid Jalal al-Din Tahiri Isfahani led prayers from 1972, confirmed by Imam Khomeini after the Islamic Republic's establishment.[70] Since 2002, Sayyid Yusuf Tabataba'i Ardestani has held the position.[71]

Construction of Shia Religious Buildings

Over 160 mosques were built in Isfahan during the Safavid era and later.[72] The Jameh Mosque of Isfahan was expanded and repaired. Shah 'Abbas ordered the construction of the Imam Mosque and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque. The Hakim Mosque also dates to this period.

Of the more than 70 seminaries built during the Safavid era,[73] 24 remain standing today.[74]

Decline of Isfahan After Safavids

Isfahan fell to Afghan forces in 1134/1721-22, ending the rule of Shah Sultan Husayn.[75] In 1142/1729-30, Nader Shah Afshar moved the capital to Mashhad and levied heavy taxes, damaging Isfahan.[76]

Famines during the Qajar era further devastated the city,[77] reducing its population to a historic low of 80,000.[78] Isfahan also lost its commercial prominence to Tabriz.[79]

Reports from the early 14th solar/20th century count 169 mosques,[80] while Nisf-i Jahan cites 400 mosques from various periods during the Qajar era.[81]

Political and Religious Shia Movements in Isfahan

The active involvement of Isfahan's Shia scholars in political and social spheres underscores the religious roots of the city's movements.[82] Key activities include:

Isfahan and Tobacco Movement

During the Tobacco Protest (1308/1891–1309/1891-92), Isfahan saw protests even before Mirza Shirazi's fatwa.[83] Scholars like Sheikh Muhammad Najafi and Haj Aqa Nur Allah forbade tobacco use.[84] Demonstrations were held at the Musalla Mosque, and a prominent merchant publicly burned his tobacco stock.[85][86]

Scholars of Isfahan and Promotion of Iranian Goods

Prior to the Constitutional Revolution, Isfahan scholars led by Aqa Najafi Isfahani promoted domestic goods, boycotting foreign imports like paper and textiles.[87] They encouraged the establishment of domestic companies, most notably the Islamiyya Joint Stock Company.[88][89]

Isfahan and Constitutional Movement

Seven leading Isfahan scholars issued fatwas supporting the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.[90] Nur Allah Najafi Isfahani was a key supporter,[91] and his home is now the "Constitutional House of Isfahan." Numerous associations were formed, including unions for Ulama, students, and Sayyids.[92] Scholars like Aqa Nur Allah Najafi and Sayyid al-'Iraqayn worked to restore the constitution and protect the populace during the Lesser Despotism.[93]

Isfahan and National Oil Movement

Isfahan's clergy actively supported the Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. The Isfahan Board of Scholars, formed in 1941 and led by Sayyid Hasan Chaharsuqi, issued fatwas for nationalization and commemorated martyrs of the 1952 uprising.[94] Preaching was a vital tool for mobilization,[95] with the bazaar following the scholars' lead.[96] While most supported Kashani in his dispute with Mosaddegh, others like Sayyid Husayn Khadimi backed Mosaddegh.[97]

Isfahan and Islamic Revolution of Iran

Isfahan's clergy and people were pivotal in the Islamic Revolution. Key figures included Sayyid Husayn Khadimi, Sayyid Jalal al-Din Tahiri Isfahani, and others.[98] Following Ayatollah Burujirdi's death in 1961, scholars promoted Imam Khomeini for Marja'iyya.[99] Protests erupted after the attack on Fayziyya School and Khomeini's 1963 arrest.[100][101] Upon his 1964 release, residents traveled to Qom to meet him.[102]

The 1976 assassination of Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Shamsabadi created divisions, but revolutionary activity persisted, leading to the first martial law declaration in August 1978.[103][104] By the revolution's victory in February 1979, 76 people in Isfahan had died in the struggle.[105]

Religious and Shia Buildings of Isfahan

Famous religious buildings, mostly from the Safavid era onwards, adorn Isfahan.

Imamzadas and Shrines of Isfahan

Over 25 Imamzadas are buried in Isfahan, including:

  • Imamzada Ahmad: Possibly the tomb of Ahmad b. 'Isa b. Zayd or Ahmad b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Baqir, dating to the 5th/11th century.[106]
  • Imamzada Isma'il: Attributed to Isma'il b. Hasan b. Zayd, a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a).[107]

Other revered sites include graves in Takht-e Fulad and the "Sar-e Qabr-e Akhund" mausoleum of the Majlisi Family.[108]

Mosques

As of 2012, Isfahan had 873 mosques.[109] Major Safavid-era mosques include Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, and Hakim Mosque. The Jameh Mosque of Isfahan was expanded, and the Sayyid Mosque dates to the Qajar era. Other notable mosques include 'Ali Quli Aqa, Ilchi, and Lonban.[110]

Seminary and Religious Schools

Main article: List of Isfahan Seminaries

Isfahan has hosted numerous seminaries, with 185 listed by Sayyid Muslih al-Din Mahdavi Isfahani.[111] 24 Safavid-era schools remain,[112] along with 16 later ones, including 5 for women.[113] Notable schools include:

  1. Dhu l-Fiqar School (950/1543-44)
  2. Jaddeh Bozorg School (1050/1640-41)
  3. Chaharbagh School (1116-1126 AH), the last major Safavid school.[114][115]
  4. Sadr Bazar School (1220-1229 AH), the most important Qajar school.[116]

Most seminaries are managed by the Management Center of Isfahan Seminary.[117] The Computer Research Center of Isfahan Seminary, established in 1998, focuses on digital Islamic research.[118]

Takht-e Fulad

Main article: Takht-e Fulad

Takht-e Fulad, covering 75 hectares, is a historic cemetery containing a grave attributed to Prophet Yusha' (a).[119][120] It has served as a Sufi worship site since the 5th/11th century, hosting up to 400 Takyehs.[121] Famous burials include Baba Rokn al-Din, Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, Aqa Husayn Khansari, and Nusrat Amin.[122] Recent additions include the Martyrs' Takyeh for Iran-Iraq war martyrs[123] and the graves of 'Ata' Allah Ashrafi Isfahani[124] and Rahim Arbab.[125]

Isfahan Musalla

Image of Isfahan Musalla during construction

The historic Musalla Mosque was located in Takht-e Fulad.[126] A new Imam Khomeini Musalla has been under construction since 1995, hosting its first Eid al-Fitr prayer in 2015.[127] Concerns have been raised about potential damage to ancient monuments.[128]

Seminaries and Religious Sciences

Philosophical School of Isfahan

Main article: School of Isfahan

The School of Isfahan refers to the philosophical circle of Mir Damad and his students.[129] Sayyid Jalal al-Din Ashtiyani regarded it as Iran's most productive philosophical era.[130] Prominent figures include Mulla Sadra, Shaykh Baha'i,[131] and Fayd Kashani.[132] Its hallmark was harmonizing philosophy with Shia teachings,[133] culminating in Mulla Sadra's Transcendental Wisdom.[134]

Prominent Religious Scholars

The Isfahan Seminary produced numerous scholars, with up to 60 mujtahids present at once in the 11th/17th century.[135] Prominent families include the Majlisi Family and Kalbasi Family.[136] Notable scholars include Aqa Jamal Khansari, Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Shafti, and Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i.[137] Even after its peak, the seminary hosted figures like Sayyid Hasan Mudarris and Sayyid Husayn Tabataba'i Burujirdi.[138][139] Husayn Mazahiri currently leads the seminary.[140] The book Durrat al-sadaf fiman talmadha min 'ulama Isfahan bi-l-Najaf documents 498 Isfahani scholars who studied in Najaf.[141]

Books and Scientific Works

Isfahan produced seminal works like Bihar al-anwar and Mir'at al-'uqul by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, as well as Mir Damad's Al-Qabasat.[142] The Ghaemiyeh Digital Library and Ahl al-Bayt (a) Investigation and Publication Institute continue this legacy.[143][144]

Writing Works in Persian

Isfahani scholars pioneered writing Shia books in Persian.[145] Muhammad Baqir Majlisi authored works like Hilyat al-muttaqin and Haqq al-yaqin.[146] Ali b. Hasan al-Zawara'i al-Isfahani translated key texts like Tafsir Imam Hasan al-Askari.[147]

Akhbarism in Isfahan

The Akhbari movement flourished in Isfahan, particularly after 1098/1686-87.[148] Muhammad Taqi Majlisi was a key figure,[149] and scholars like Fayd Kashani and Fadil Tuni were prominent Akhbaris.[150]

Growth of Sufism and Oppositions

Sufism grew in Safavid Isfahan, with over 20 Takyehs recorded.[151] This prompted critiques from scholars like Mulla Sadra and Fayd Kashani.[152] 'Allama Majlisi and Mir Lawhi led the opposition against Sufism.[153]

Rituals and Religious Ceremonies

Ta'ziya in Isfahan is deeply rooted, with Sayyid 'Abd al-Baqi Dehkordi considered the founder of its local school.[154] Over 1400 mourning delegations were registered in 2019.[155] Long-standing ceremonies include Rawda in Zargarbashi Hussainiya of Isfahan and Bonakdar House,[156][157] and the weekly Dua Kumayl recitation at Takht-e Fulad.[158]

Notes

  1. ↑ See: "Great Islamic Encyclopedia".
  2. ↑ See: Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān".
  3. ↑ See: Abṭaḥī & Kashtī-ārā, "Wākāvī-yi sayr-i taḥawwulāt-i inqilāb-i Islāmī...".
  4. ↑ Saʿīdī, "Iṣfahān", pp. 162, 169.
  5. ↑ Kayhān, Jughrāfiyā-yi mufaṣṣal-i Īrān, 1931-1933, vol. 2, p. 413.
  6. ↑ Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsila-yi Ṣafawiyya, 1964, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Bīrūnī, Āthār al-bāqiya, 2007, p. 35.
  8. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 193.
  9. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 193.
  10. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 120.
  11. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 128.
  12. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 18.
  13. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, 1999, p. 256.
  14. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 19.
  15. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, 1999, p. 262.
  16. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  17. ↑ Qurayshī Karīn, Aṣḥāb-i Iṣfahānī-yi aʾimma-yi aṭhār, 2011, pp. 214-217.
  18. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 23.
  19. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  20. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 22.
  21. ↑ Bāqirī Siyānī, "Muḥaddithān-i Iṣfahānī dar kutub-i Imāmiyya", pp. 52-53.
  22. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 227.
  23. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  24. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 20.
  25. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  26. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", pp. 21-22.
  27. ↑ Ibn Ṭabāṭabā, Muntaqilat al-ṭālibiyya, 1998, pp. 19-31.
  28. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, 1999, p. 239.
  29. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  30. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", pp. 19-20.
  31. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  32. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 20.
  33. ↑ Faqīh Imānī, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ-i Iṣfahān, 1995, p. 123.
  34. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  35. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 25.
  36. ↑ Rāzī, Al-Naqḍ, 1979, p. 371.
  37. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  38. ↑ See: Tavasulī Fārfānī & Saʿādat, "Shaykh Abū l-Saʿādāt...", pp. 131-141.
  39. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 259.
  40. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 25.
  41. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, 1403 AH, vol. 5, p. 213.
  42. ↑ Ṭabarī, Kāmil-i Bahāʾī, 2004, p. 28.
  43. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 195.
  44. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 28.
  45. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 198.
  46. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 198.
  47. ↑ Khusrubaygī & Ṣādiqī-fard, "Barrasī-yi bunyānhā-yi mashrūʿīyyat-i ḥukūmat-i Āl-i Muẓaffar", p. 44.
  48. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 288.
  49. ↑ Shāhmurādī & Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Tashayyuʿ-i Qarāqūyūnlūhā", p. 58.
  50. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 289.
  51. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 1, pp. 402-404.
  52. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 29.
  53. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2012, p. 198.
  54. ↑ Mīr-aḥmadī, Dīn wa madhhab dar ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī, 1984, p. 51.
  55. ↑ Mīr-aḥmadī, Dīn wa madhhab dar ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī, 1984, p. 51.
  56. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, 1999, p. 255.
  57. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", p. 29.
  58. ↑ Iskandar Bayk Munshī, Tārīkh-i ʿālam-ārā-yi ʿAbbāsī, 2003, p. 544.
  59. ↑ Chardin, Safar-nāma, trans. Yaghmāʾī, vol. 4, p. 1390.
  60. ↑ Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", p. 173.
  61. ↑ Farhānī-munfard, Muhājirat-i ʿulamā-yi Shīʿa, 2009, pp. 166-167.
  62. ↑ Ṭabasī, ʿUlamā-yi Jabal ʿĀmil wa tathbīt-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, 2016, p. 118.
  63. ↑ Sayyid-kabārī, Ḥawzahā-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Shīʿa dar gustara-yi jahān, 1999, pp. 460-462.
  64. ↑ Mahdavī, Mazārāt-i Iṣfahān, 2003, p. 16.
  65. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 1, p. 267.
  66. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 1, p. 267.
  67. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 1, p. 269.
  68. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 1, p. 237.
  69. ↑ Mahdavī, Zindagīnāma-yi ʿAllāma Majlisī, vol. 1, pp. 311-317.
  70. ↑ Khomeinī, Ṣaḥīfa-yi Imām, vol. 10, p. 329.
  71. ↑ "Appointment of Sayyid Yusuf Tabataba'i to Isfahan Friday Prayer Leadership".
  72. ↑ Mahdavī, Iṣfahān dār al-ʿilm-i sharq, 2007, p. 45.
  73. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 2, pp. 225-283.
  74. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 2, pp. 105-222.
  75. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Niṣf-i jahān, 1989, pp. 205-206.
  76. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Niṣf-i jahān, 1989, pp. 257-259.
  77. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Niṣf-i jahān, 1989, pp. 280-281.
  78. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Niṣf-i jahān, 1989, p. 282.
  79. ↑ Curzon, Īrān wa qaḍīya-yi Īrān, 2001, vol. 2, p. 51.
  80. ↑ Saʿīdī, "Iṣfahān", p. 176.
  81. ↑ Iṣfahānī, Niṣf-i jahān, 1989, p. 60.
  82. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 240.
  83. ↑ Ṣūfī Niyārakī, "Uṣūl-i andīsha-yi siyāsī-yi Āqā Najafī...", p. 163.
  84. ↑ Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1988, vol. 1, p. 440.
  85. ↑ Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1988, vol. 1, p. 446.
  86. ↑ Zarīrī, "Shikast-i Ingilīs dar imtiyāznāma-yi Rezhī".
  87. ↑ Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1988, vol. 2, pp. 28-29.
  88. ↑ Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1988, vol. 2, pp. 31-33.
  89. ↑ Ṣūfī Niyārakī, "Uṣūl-i andīsha-yi siyāsī-yi Āqā Najafī...", p. 130.
  90. ↑ Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", p. 194.
  91. ↑ Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", p. 194.
  92. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 240.
  93. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 240.
  94. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Nationalization of Oil Industry; A Review of Activities of Isfahan Board of Scholars", Saheb News.
  95. ↑ Chalungar & others, "Naqsh-i rūḥāniyūn-i Iṣfahān dar taḥawwulāt-i nahḍat-i millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft", p. 82.
  96. ↑ Chalungar & others, "Naqsh-i rūḥāniyūn-i Iṣfahān dar taḥawwulāt-i nahḍat-i millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft", p. 83.
  97. ↑ Chalungar & others, "Naqsh-i rūḥāniyūn-i Iṣfahān dar taḥawwulāt-i nahḍat-i millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft", p. 85.
  98. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 269.
  99. ↑ Abṭaḥī & Kashtī-ārā, "Wākāvī-yi sayr-i taḥawwulāt-i inqilāb-i Islāmī...", p. 23.
  100. ↑ Abṭaḥī & Kashtī-ārā, "Wākāvī-yi sayr-i taḥawwulāt-i inqilāb-i Islāmī...", p. 25.
  101. ↑ Abṭaḥī & Kashtī-ārā, "Wākāvī-yi sayr-i taḥawwulāt-i inqilāb-i Islāmī...", p. 26.
  102. ↑ Markaz-i Barrasī-yi Asnād-i Tārīkhī, Ustād Sayyid ʿAlī Akbar Parvaresh, 2015, p. 13.
  103. ↑ "About the book Political History of the Islamic Revolution in Isfahan", IRNA News Agency.
  104. ↑ "Declaration of the First Martial Law during the Islamic Revolution", Imam Khomeini Portal.
  105. ↑ "Infographic / Statistical Look at the Revolution Martyrs of Isfahan Province", Navid Shahed.
  106. ↑ Faqīh Imānī, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ-i Iṣfahān, 1995, pp. 380-383.
  107. ↑ Faqīh Imānī, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ-i Iṣfahān, 1995, p. 385.
  108. ↑ Mahdavī, Zindagīnāma-yi ʿAllāma Majlisī, vol. 1, pp. 28-29.
  109. ↑ "Number of Mosques in Isfahan", Mehr News Agency.
  110. ↑ See: "Introduction to Historical Mosques of Isfahan", Neda-ye Esfahan.
  111. ↑ Mahdavī, Iṣfahān dār al-ʿilm-i sharq, 2007, pp. 48-328.
  112. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 2, pp. 105-222.
  113. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 2, pp. 288-332.
  114. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 2, p. 744.
  115. ↑ Chalungar, "Pīshguftār", p. 19.
  116. ↑ Chalungar, "Pīshguftār", p. 19.
  117. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 277.
  118. ↑ Maḥmūdī, Manbaʿ-shinākht, 2017, vol. 2, pp. 900-901.
  119. ↑ Bī-āzār Shīrāzī, Bāstān-shināsī wa jughrāfiyā-yi tārīkhī-yi qiṣaṣ-i Qurʾān, 2001, p. 427.
  120. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, p. 27.
  121. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, p. 24.
  122. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, pp. 68-112.
  123. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, p. 151.
  124. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, p. 152.
  125. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, pp. 185-186.
  126. ↑ Mahdavī, Lisān al-arḍ, 1991, p. 33.
  127. ↑ "20th Anniversary of Isfahan Musalla/ From Threat to Monuments to People's Hope for Project Completion", Shabestan News Agency.
  128. ↑ Naṣr, "Corner to Corner of Iran; Takht-e Fulad of Isfahan", ISNA News Agency.
  129. ↑ Naṣr, "Az maktab-i Iṣfahān tā maktab-i Tihrān".
  130. ↑ Āshtiyānī, "Shawāriq al-ilhām wa aṣālat-i wujūd", p. 103.
  131. ↑ Karbāsī-zāda Iṣfahānī, "Negāhī be zamīnehā, awṣāf wa payāmadhā-yi maktab-i Iṣfahān", p. 34.
  132. ↑ Naṣr, "Az maktab-i Iṣfahān tā maktab-i Tihrān".
  133. ↑ Awjabī, "Shamsā-yi Gīlānī wa maktab-i falsafī-yi Iṣfahān", p. 106.
  134. ↑ Karbāsī-zāda Iṣfahānī, "Negāhī be zamīnehā, awṣāf wa payāmadhā-yi maktab-i Iṣfahān", p. 30.
  135. ↑ Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ, 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 555.
  136. ↑ Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān...", p. 257.
  137. ↑ Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", pp. 179-192.
  138. ↑ "Uswah-yi Imām", *Ḥawza*, pp. 4-7.
  139. ↑ Abādharī, Āyatullāh Burūjurdī āyat-i ikhlāṣ, 2004, pp. 17-18.
  140. ↑ "Letter of Ayatollah Mazahiri to Ayatollah Khamenei...".
  141. ↑ Qāsimī, Durrat al-ṣadaf, 2014, vol. 5, Table of Contents.
  142. ↑ "Life and Biography", Mirdamad Virtual Media.
  143. ↑ "Computer Research Center of Ghaemiyeh Isfahan".
  144. ↑ "Introduction to Institute", Ahl al-Bayt (a) Investigation and Publication Institute.
  145. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 3, p. 1097.
  146. ↑ Mahdavī, Zindagīnāma-yi ʿAllāma Majlisī, vol. 2, pp. 167-183.
  147. ↑ Muʿīnī, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", p. 198.
  148. ↑ Dhākirī, "Akhbārīgarī paydāyish wa payāmadhā", p. 318.
  149. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, 2000, vol. 3, p. 1057.
  150. ↑ Bihishtī, Akhbārīgarī, 2011, pp. 118-158.
  151. ↑ Mahdavī, Zindagīnāma-yi ʿAllāma Majlisī, vol. 1, p. 208.
  152. ↑ Dhākirī, "Akhbārīgarī paydāyish wa payāmadhā", pp. 335-336.
  153. ↑ Dhākirī, "Akhbārīgarī paydāyish wa payāmadhā", pp. 336-346.
  154. ↑ "The Historical City of Isfahan has a School in the Art of Ta'ziya", Tasnim News Agency.
  155. ↑ "Bonakdar House of Isfahan, Host of Two Centuries of Husayni Passion", IRNA News Agency.
  156. ↑ "Zargarbashi House and Popular Beliefs", Isfahan Emrooz.
  157. ↑ "Bonakdar House of Isfahan, Host of Two Centuries of Husayni Passion", IRNA News Agency.
  158. ↑ "Martial Law First Started in Isfahan", Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.

References

  • Abādharī, ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, Āyatullāh Burūjurdī āyat-i ikhlāṣ, Tehran, Majmaʿ-i Jahānī-yi Taqrīb-i Madhāhib-i Islāmī, 1383 Sh.
  • Abṭaḥī, Sayyid ʿAlīriḍā & Kīmiyā Kashtī-ārā, "Wākāvī-yi sayr-i taḥawwulāt-i inqilāb-i Islāmī dar shahr-i Iṣfahān dar ḥadd-i fāṣil-i sālhā-yi 1340-1347 Sh", in *Majalla-yi Pazhūhesh-nāma-yi Tārīkh*, no. 40, Autumn 1394 Sh.
  • Al-Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn, Beirut, Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH.
  • Āshtiyānī, Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn, "Shawāriq al-ilhām wa aṣālat-i wujūd bā negāhī be asātīd-i maktab-i falsafī-yi Iṣfahān", in *Waqf-i Mīrāth-i Jāwīdān*, no. 2, 1372 Sh.
  • Awjabī, ʿAlī, "Shamsā-yi Gīlānī wa maktab-i falsafī-yi Iṣfahān", in *Āyīna-yi Mīrāth*, no. 30-31, Autumn and Winter 1384 Sh.
  • Bāqirī Siyānī, Mahdī, "Muḥaddithān-i Iṣfahānī dar kutub-i Imāmiyya (tā pāyān-i qarn-i chahārom-i hijrī)", in *Majmūʿa maqālāt-i hamāyesh-i pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān*, edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Chalungar & Aḥmad Zamānī, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī-yi Iṣfahān, 1390 Sh.
  • Bī-āzār Shīrāzī, ʿAbd al-Karīm, Bāstān-shināsī wa jughrāfiyā-yi tārīkhī-yi qiṣaṣ-i Qurʾān, Tehran, Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1380 Sh.
  • Bihbahānī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad ʿAlī, Mirʾāt al-aḥwāl-i jahān-namā, Qom, Anṣāriyān, 1373 Sh.
  • Bihishtī, Ibrāhīm, Akhbārīgarī (tārīkh wa ʿaqāyid), Qom, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1390 Sh.
  • Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān, Āthār al-bāqiya, translated by Akbar Dānāsirisht, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1386 Sh.
  • Chalungar, Muḥammad ʿAlī & Mahnāz Malekī & Ṭayyiba Tavasulī, "Naqsh-i rūḥāniyūn-i Iṣfahān dar taḥawwulāt-i nahḍat-i millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft", in *Dō-faṣlnāma-yi Tārīkh-hā-yi Maḥallī-yi Īrān*, no. 7, Autumn and Winter 1394 Sh.
  • Chalungar, Muḥammad ʿAlī, "Pīshguftār", in *Iṣfahān dār al-ʿilm-i sharq* by Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Mahdavī, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Hunarī-yi Shahrdārī, 1386 Sh.
  • Chardin, Jean, Safar-nāma, translated by Iqbāl Yaghmāʾī, Tehran, Nashr-i Tūs, n.d.
  • Curzon, George Nathaniel, Īrān wa qaḍīya-yi Īrān, translated by Ghulām-ʿAlī Waḥīd Māzandarānī, Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1380 Sh.
  • Dhākirī, ʿAlī Akbar, "Akhbārīgarī paydāyish wa payāmadhā", in *Dō-māhnāma-yi Ḥawza*, no. 89-90, Azar to Esfand 1377 Sh.
  • Faqīh Imānī, Mahdī, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ-i Iṣfahān az daha-yi sevvom-i qarn-i avval tā pāyān-i qarn-i dahom, Isfahan, Nashr-i Muʾallif, 1374 Sh.
  • Farhānī-munfard, Mahdī, Muhājirat-i ʿulamā-yi Shīʿa az Jabal ʿĀmil be Īrān dar ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1388 Sh.
  • Godard, André & others, Āthār-i Īrān, translated by Abū l-Ḥasan Sarv-qad Muqaddam, Mashhad, Bunyād-i Pazhūhesh-hā-yi Islāmī-yi Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1375 Sh.
  • Ibn Ṭabāṭabā, Ibrāhīm b. Nāṣir, Muntaqilat al-ṭālibiyya, edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Mahdī Kharsān, Qom, Maktabat al-Ḥaydariyya, 1377 Sh.
  • Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Mahdī b. Muḥammad Riḍā, Niṣf-i jahān fī taʿrīf al-Iṣfahān, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1368 Sh.
  • Iskandar Bayk Munshī, Tārīkh-i ʿālam-ārā-yi ʿAbbāsī, edited by Īraj Afshār, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1382 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Sāzmān-i Jughrāfiyāyī-yi Nīrūhā-yi Musallaḥ, 1391 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, "Millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft; murūrī bar faʿāliyyat-hā-yi hayʾat-i ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", Saheb News, Visited: 27 Shahrivar 1400 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, "Pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān", in *Faṣlnāma-yi Waqf-i Mīrāth-i Jāwīdān*, no. 19-20, Autumn and Winter 1376 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, Ṣafawiyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, farhang wa siyāsat, Qom, Pazhūheshgāh-i Ḥawza wa Dānishgāh, 1379 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, Tehran, Nashr-i ʿIlm, 1378 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, "ʿUlamā-yi Iṣfahān wa millī shudan-i ṣanʿat-i naft-i Īrān", Sharq Newspaper, 15 Esfand 1384 Sh.
  • Karbāsī-zāda Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī, "Negāhī be zamīnehā, awṣāf wa payāmadhā-yi maktab-i Iṣfahān", in *Tārīkh-i Falsafa*, no. 2, Autumn 1389 Sh.
  • Kayhān, Masʿūd, Jughrāfiyā-yi mufaṣṣal-i Īrān, Tehran, Maṭbaʿa-yi Majlis, 1310-1311 Sh.
  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh, Ṣaḥīfa-yi Imām, Muʾassasa-yi Tanẓīm wa Nashr-i Āthār-i Imām Khomeinī, 1378 Sh.
  • Khusrubaygī, Hūshang & Muzhgān Ṣādiqī-fard, "Barrasī-yi bunyānhā-yi mashrūʿīyyat-i ḥukūmat-i Āl-i Muẓaffar", in *Faṣlnāma-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Tārīkh-i Islām*, no. 39, Winter 1397 Sh.
  • Lockhart, Laurence, Inqirāḍ-i silsila-yi Ṣafawiyya wa ayyām-i istīlā-yi Afāghina dar Īrān, translated by Muṣṭafā Qulī ʿImād, Tehran, Murvārīd, 1343 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī-yi Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Iṣfahān dār al-ʿilm-i sharq, edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Nīlfurūshān, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī, 1386 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Lisān al-arḍ yā tārīkh-i Takht-i Fūlād, Isfahan, Anjuman-i Kitābkhānehā-yi ʿUmūmī-yi Iṣfahān, 1370 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Mazārāt-i Iṣfahān az qarn-i sevvom-i hijrī tā ʿaṣr-i ḥāḍir, edited by Aṣghar Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, Isfahan, Isfahan University, 1382 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān dar dō qarn-i akhīr, Qom, Nashr-i Al-Hidāya, 1367 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, Zindagīnāma-yi ʿAllāma Majlisī (Tārīkh-i ʿilmī wa ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān dar qarn-i 11), Isfahan, Ḥusayniyya-yi ʿImādzāda, n.d.
  • Maḥmūdī, Akbar, Manbaʿ-shinākht (Naqsh-i Shīʿa dar paydāyish wa gustarish-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī), Qom, Intishārāt-i Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (a), 1396 Sh.
  • Markaz-i Barrasī-yi Asnād-i Tārīkhī-yi Wizārat-i Iṭṭilāʿāt, Ustād Sayyid ʿAlī Akbar Parvaresh, Tehran, Markaz-i Barrasī-yi Asnād-i Tārīkhī, 1394 Sh.
  • Mīr-aḥmadī, Maryam, Dīn wa madhhab dar ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1363 Sh.
  • Muʿīnī, Muḥsin, "Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Iṣfahān", in *Kitāb-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya: Tārīkh, Sākhtār, Kārkard*, Tehran, Nashr-i Kitāb-i Marjaʿ, 1394 Sh.
  • Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, Aṣghar, "Digargūnīhā-yi ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān az 1135 hijrī tākūnūn", in *Marzbān-i Akhlāq*, edited by Muḥammad Isfandiyārī, Isfahan, Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Shaʿba-yi Iṣfahān, 1396 Sh.
  • Muvaḥḥid Abṭaḥī, Mīr Sayyid Ḥujjat, Rīshahā wa jilwahā-yi tashayyuʿ wa ḥawza-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Iṣfahān, Isfahan, Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Al-Mahdī, 1418 AH.
  • Naṣr, Sayyid Ḥusayn, "Az maktab-i Iṣfahān tā maktab-i Tihrān", translated by Manūchihr Dīn-parast, in *Transcendent Philosophy*, year 2, no. 4, December 2001.
  • Qāsimī, Raḥīm, Durrat al-ṣadaf, Qom-Karbala, Majmaʿ-i Dhakhāʾir-i Islāmī & Karbala Center for Studies and Research, 1st ed., 1393 Sh.
  • Qurayshī Karīn, Sayyid Ḥasan, "Aṣḥāb-i Iṣfahānī-yi aʾimma-yi aṭhār", in *Majmūʿa maqālāt-i hamāyesh-i pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān*, edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Chalungar & Aḥmad Zamānī, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī-yi Iṣfahān, 1390 Sh.
  • Rāzī, ʿAbd al-Jalīl, Al-Naqḍ, Tehran, Anjuman-i Āthār-i Millī, 1358 Sh.
  • Saʿīdī, ʿAbbās, "Iṣfahān", in *Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i buzurg-i Islāmī*, vol. 9, Tehran, Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i buzurg-i Islāmī, 1379 Sh.
  • Sayyid-kabārī, Sayyid ʿAlī Riḍā, Ḥawzahā-yi ʿilmiyya-yi Shīʿa dar gustara-yi jahān, Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1378 Sh.
  • Shāhmurādī, Sayyid Masʿūd & Aṣghar Muntaẓir al-Qāʾim, "Tashayyuʿ-i Qarāqūyūnlūhā", in *Nashriyya-yi Pazhūhesh-hā-yi Tārīkhī*, vol. 5, no. 1, Spring 1392 Sh.
  • Ṣūfī Niyārakī, Taqī, "Uṣūl-i andīsha-yi siyāsī-yi Āqā Najafī wa naqsh-i way dar junbish-i mashrūṭiyyat", in *Faṣlnāma-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Tārīkhī*, no. 8, Summer 1384 Sh.
  • Ṭabarī, ʿImād al-Dīn, Kāmil-i Bahāʾī, Tehran, Murtaḍawī, 1383 Sh.
  • Ṭabasī, Ṭayyiba, ʿUlamā-yi Jabal ʿĀmil wa tathbīt-i tashayyuʿ dar Īrān, Qom, Dalīl-i Mā, 1395 Sh.
  • Tavasulī Fārfānī, Ṭayyiba & Mīnā Saʿādat, "Shaykh Abū l-Saʿādāt ʿālim-i Shīʿī-yi Imāmī dar Iṣfahān-i qarn-i haftom-i hijrī", in *Majmūʿa maqālāt-i hamāyesh-i pīshīna-yi tashayyuʿ dar Iṣfahān*, edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Chalungar & Aḥmad Zamānī, Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī-yi Iṣfahān, 1390 Sh.
  • Zarīrī, Riḍā, "Shikast-i Ingilīs dar imtiyāznāma-yi Rezhī", in *Māhnāma-yi Zamāna*, no. 56, 1386 Sh.
  • "Uswah-yi Imām", *Dō-māhnāma-yi Ḥawza*, no. 22, 1366 Sh.
  • "Durrat al-Sadaf", Karbala Center for Studies and Research, Date: 27 February 2019, Visited: 4 Dey 1400 Sh.
  • "Imam Khomeini Portal", Visited: 3 Mehr 1400 Sh.
  • "About the book Political History of the Islamic Revolution in Isfahan", IRNA News Agency.
  • "Declaration of the First Martial Law during the Islamic Revolution", Imam Khomeini Portal.
  • "Martial Law First Started in Isfahan", Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
  • "Bonakdar House of Isfahan, Host of Two Centuries of Husayni Passion", IRNA News Agency.
  • "20th Anniversary of Isfahan Musalla/ From Threat to Monuments to People's Hope for Project Completion", Shabestan News Agency.
  • "Letter of Ayatollah Mazahiri to Ayatollah Khamenei and Acceptance of Transfer from Qom to Isfahan".
  • "The Historical City of Isfahan has a School in the Art of Ta'ziya", Tasnim News Agency.
  • "Zargarbashi House and Popular Beliefs", Isfahan Emrooz.
  • "Unveiling of the Five-Volume Book Collection Isfahan in the Revolution", Imam Khomeini Portal.
  • "Infographic / Statistical Look at the Revolution Martyrs of Isfahan Province", Navid Shahed.
  • "Computer Research Center of Ghaemiyeh Isfahan".
  • "Introduction to Institute", Ahl al-Bayt (a) Investigation and Publication Institute.
  • "Introduction to Historical Mosques of Isfahan", Neda-ye Esfahan.
  • "Number of Mosques in Isfahan", Mehr News Agency.
  • "Appointment of Sayyid Yusuf Tabataba'i to Isfahan Friday Prayer Leadership", Visited: 23 Mordad 1400 Sh.
  • "Life and Biography", Mirdamad Virtual Media.

Template:Isfahan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Draft:Isfahan&oldid=204722"