Pharaoh

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Pharaoh, (Arabic: فِرعون) or Firʿawn in Arabic, was the ruler of Egypt at the time of Prophet Moses (a). The Qur'an introduces him as a tyrant who claims to be the god of the people of Egypt. He enslaved the Israelites who had resided in Egypt at the time of Joseph (a).

To prevent the birth of Moses (a), he commanded that the male Israelite infants be killed immediately after birth.

When Moses (a) was chosen as a prophet, God commanded him to speak to Pharaoh gently so that he would stop his aggression and set the Israelites free.

However, despite all the sings and miracles that Moses (a) showed him, Pharaoh refused to accept Moses' (a) message and accused him of being a magician.

God punished Pharaoh and his followers with various disasters, but they continued their disobedience. Eventually, God miraculously delivered the Israelites and drowned Pharaoh and his troops in the sea.

The Word "Firʿawn"

Most lexicographers consider the word "Firʿawn" a non-Arabic word[1] ; many consider that a Coptic word meaning crocodile[2]Tahdhīb al-lugha. However, some scholars maintain that "Pharaoh", or "Bar-'a " or "Bar-'u" in its Coptic form, initially meant royal palace but gradually became an honorific title for the king himself. Some others consider "Pharaoh" simply a title for the Egyptian king at the time of Moses (a)[3]. According to others, it was a title for Amalek kings[4], or Amalek kings in Egypt.[5] . However, the majority opinion is that "Pharaoh" was a general title for Egyptian kings of the eighteenth dynasty of the twenty-nine dynasties of ancient Egypt[6].

The word "Fir'awn" appears in the Qur'an seventy-four times[7], all of which refer to the Pharaoh of the time of Moses (a)[8].

His Rule

The Qur'an introduces Pharaoh as a tyrant, who worshipped certain gods other than the One God.[9] He himself claimed to be a god.[10] The verse "I am your exalted lord" [11] indicates that he considered himself the god of the Egyptians.[12]

According to the Qur'an, Pharaoh was an arrogant oppressor who used to divide the people to strengthen his rule.[13] He had a vizier called Haman, a group of high officials, and a powerful army,[14] on whom he relied in his rule.[15]

Pharaoh regarded himself in control of the people's beliefs; he would imprison[16] or severely punish those who believed in something against his will.[17] For instance, when he found out that his wife had believed in Moses (a), he had her executed.[18]

The Qur'an describes Pharaoh as the "impaler" [19], which means, according to the traditions, the one who would impale on the ground those he disobeyed him and leave them until they die.[20]

His Behavior towards the Israelites

The Israelites, who were decedents of Prophet Jacob (a), migrated to Egypt when Joseph (a) was the vizier of Egypt and famine struck Canaan[21].

According to the Qur'an, Pharaoh oppressed the Israelites; he killed their sons and enslaved their women[22]. As to the reason why Pharaoh killed the Israelite boys, al-Suddi (d. 128/745-6), an early commentator of the Qur'an, reports a story according to which Pharaoh had a strange dream, so he asked the priests to interpret his dream. The priests stated that the dream indicated the birth of an Israelite boy who would kill Pharaoh when he grew up. Thus, to prevent this fate, Pharaoh commanded that the Israelite male infants be killed[23].

However, according to some hadiths from Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Israelites awaited the birth of Moses (a), who, according to the prophecy of Joseph (a), was to kill Pharaoh. The news of this belief reached Pharaoh, and one year later, the priests and magicians at his court informed him that the promised son would be born that year. Thus, Pharaoh commanded the murder of all Israelite male infants immediately after birth[24].

Moses' Upbringing in Pharaoh's Palace

When Moses (a) was born, God inspired his mother to put him in an ark and cast the ark into the riverbank. Thus, the water carried Moses to Pharaoh's people, who took him from the riverbank[25]. When Pharaoh's wife saw the baby, she asked Pharaoh, "Do not kill him; maybe he will benefit us, or we will adopt him as a son" [26]. Some commentators have understood this verse as indicating that Pharaoh and his wife did not have any children[27].

In his youth, Moses (a) once came across an Israelite who was fighting with a Coptic man. Moses (a) rushed to help the Israelite man and struck the Copt, who died immediately. After this incident, Moses (a) fled from Egypt towards Midian to escape Pharaoh's punishment[28].

Reaction to the Prophethood of Moses (a)

Upon his return to Egypt, Moses (a) was chosen by God as a prophet, given a number of "signs," and commissioned to go to Pharaoh, who had "rebelled," and to call him gently to the path of God [29].

Together with his brother Aaron, who was also chosen by God as a prophet to help him, Moses (a) went to Pharaoh and introduced himself as God's apostle[30] and called Pharaoh to be wary of God [31] and release the Israelites.[32]. However, Pharaoh mocked and threatened to imprison him if he did not abandon his beliefs.[33].

Moses (a) presented his miracles,[34] including the transformation of his staff into a snake,[35] to demonstrate his truthfulness, but nevertheless, Pharaoh and his courtiers continued to deny his prophethood and accused him of being a magician.[36].

Afterwards, Pharaoh called the skilled magicians of Egypt[37] to prepare a similar work of wonder in the presence of people on the feast day. However, when Moses (a) presented his miracle, the magicians realized it was not human work, so they believed in God and Moses (a) as His prophet. Pharaoh became furious at the magicians, accused them of being the disciples of Moses (a) who had conspired against him, and threatened to cut off their hands and feet alternately. However, the magicians persisted in holding on to their faith[38] and said, "We will never prefer you to the manifest proofs which have come to us and [to] Him who originated us. Decide whatever you may. You can only decide about the life of this world" [39].

Pharaoh resumed killing the sons of those who followed Moses (a) and enslaving their women.[40] He even decided to kill Moses (a),[41] a measure with which some courtiers seem to have disagreed, especially "the believer of the family of Pharaoh," who had hidden his faith.[42]

Pharaoh also commanded Haman to build a tower, which he could ascend and see the god of Moses.[43] However, Allama Tabataba'i states that Pharaoh was a demagogue who intended merely to show himself as an unbiased person.[44]

Punishments of the People of Pharaoh

According to the Qur'an, when the Copts, whom the Qur'an calls the family of Pharaoh, refused to believe in Moses (a), God afflicted them with famine for several years, but "whenever any good came to them, they would say, ‘This is our due.’ And if any ill visited them, they took it for ill omens attending Moses and those who were with him" [45].

God also afflicted them with various disasters such as floods, locusts, lice, frogs, and the transformation of Nile's water into blood. These disasters are described in the Qur'an as "distinct signs" [46]; that is, they appeared one after another and with intervals between them. Each time, the people of Pharaoh were plagued to the extent that they asked Moses (a) to pray to his Lord to remove the disaster, and in return, they would believe in him and release the Israelites. However, they broke their promise when Moses (a) prayed, and the disaster was removed.[47]

Drowned in the Sea

Since Pharaoh and his people rejected Moses (a) and refused to release the Israelites, God commanded Moses (a) to go out of Egypt with the Israelites at night and promised him that He would drown Pharaoh and his troops.[48] Moses (a) obeyed God's command, and when he reached the sea with his people, he struck the sea with his staff as God had commanded him, so the sea was divided, and they passed through it. However, when Pharaoh and his troops followed the Israelites inside the sea, the water drowned them.[49]

The Qur'an reports that when Pharaoh was drowning, he called out, "I believe that there is no god except Him in whom the Children of Israel believe, and I am one of those who submit [to Him]" [50], but God told him, "What! Now? When you have been disobedient heretofore and were among the agents of corruption?! So today We shall deliver your body so that you may be a sign for those who come after you." [51]

In the Bible

The Bible reports the story of the genocide of the Hebrew children, Moses' birth and his mother leaving him to the river, and the defeat of the magicians (albeit without mentioning their belief in God afterwards)[52]. It also mentions the story of the disasters with which the Copts were afflicted[53].

According to the Bible, two pharaohs were the contemporaries of Moses (a): one was the "Pharaoh of the Oppression," who was alive until the escape of Moses (a) to Midian, and the other one was the "Pharaoh of the Exodus," who ruled Egypt afterwards when Moses (a) was chosen as a prophet[54].

The Torah mentions the story of the drowning of Pharaoh and his troops but does not mention anything about his profession of faith while he was drowning or about the preservation of his body by God[55].

Pharaoh in Historical Sources

Mummy of Ramesses II, now in National Museum of Egyptian Civilization

There is disagreement among the scholars as to which pharaoh was the contemporary of Moses (a). The following Egyptian pharaohs have been suggested as the pharaoh or the two pharaohs of Moses' time:

  • Ahmose I (1575 – 1550 BC)[56]
  • Amenhotep I (1575 – 1550 BCE)[57]
  • Thutmose III (1490 – 1436 BCE) and his son Amenhotep II (1436 – 1413 BCE)[58]
  • Akhenaten and Tutankhamun (1327-1348 BCE)[59]
  • Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses The Great (1290-1224 BCE) and Merneptah (1224 – 1214 BCE). This a accepted by some of Muslim authors[60].

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, vol. 1, p. 632; Qurashī Bunābī, Qāmūs-i Qurān, vol. 5, p. 163; Ibn Sīdah, al-Muḥkam wa l-muhīt al-aʿzam, vol. 2, p. 468.
  2. ↑ Zamakhsharī, Asās al-balāgha, p. 471; Qurashī Bunābī, Qāmūs-i Qurān, vo. 5, p. 163; Azharī, , vol. 3, p. 234.
  3. ↑ Bayūmī Mihrān, Dirāsāt tārīkhīyya min al-Qurʾān al-karīm, vol. 2, p. 121.
  4. ↑ Jawharī, Tāj al-Lugha wa ṣiḥāh al-ʾarabīyya, vol. 6, p. 2177.
  5. ↑ Mūsā and al-Saʿīdī, al-Ifṣāh fī fiqh al-lugha, vol 1, p. 315; Muṣṭafawī, al-Taḥqīq fī kalīmāt al-Qurʾān al-karīm, vol. 9, p. 65; Baghdādī, Lubāb al-taʾwīl fī maʿānī al-tanzīl, vol. 2, p. 23; Ṭayyib, Aṭyab al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 28; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī, vol. 2, p. 223; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 6, p. 280.
  6. ↑ Bayūmī Mihrān, Dirāsāt tārīkhīyya min al-Qurʾān al-karīm, vol. 2, p. 121.
  7. ↑ Ḥarīrī, Farhang-i iṣṭilāhāt-i Qurʾānī, p. 283.
  8. ↑ Shaʾrānī, Nathr-i ṭūba, p. 253.
  9. ↑ Qur'an 7:127.
  10. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 8, p. 222.
  11. ↑ Qur'an 79:24.
  12. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 8, p. 223.
  13. ↑ Qur'an 28:4; Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 8.
  14. ↑ Daʾirat al-maʿārif Qurʾān-i Karīm, vol. 6, p. 470.
  15. ↑ Qur'an 26:57; Qur'an 28:39
  16. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 8, p. 229.
  17. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 8, p. 229.
  18. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 8, p. 346.
  19. ↑ Qur'an 38:12.
  20. ↑ Sabzawārī al-Najafī, Irshād al-adhhān ilā tafsīr al-Qurʾān, p. 458.
  21. ↑ Shaʾrānī and Qarīb, Nathr-i ṭūba, p. 21.
  22. ↑ Qur'an 28: 24; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 16, p. 8.
  23. ↑ Ṭabarī, Jāmiʾ al-bayān, vol. 20, p. 19; Thaʿlabī, ʿArāʾis al-majālis, p. 229.
  24. ↑ Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 135.
  25. ↑ Qur'an 28: 7-9.
  26. ↑ Qur'an 28:9
  27. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 16, p. 12.
  28. ↑ Qur'an 28: 18-22.
  29. ↑ Qur'an 28:29-32; Qur'an 20:24,42-48; Qur'an 79:17
  30. ↑ Qur'an 7:104; Qur'an 20:47; Qur'an 26:16
  31. ↑ Qur'an 79:18,19
  32. ↑ Qur'an 7:105; Qur'an 20:47; Qur'an 26:17
  33. ↑ Qur'an 26:25-29.
  34. ↑ Qur'an 7:106, Qur'an 26:31.
  35. ↑ Qur'an 7:105-108; Qur'an 26:30-33.
  36. ↑ Qur'an 7:109; Qur'an 10:76; Qur'an 20:56-57; Qur'an 23:48; Qur'an 26:34-35; Qur'an 28:36; Qur'an 79:21.
  37. ↑ Qur'an 7:109-112; Qur'an 20:58-60.
  38. ↑ Qur'an 7:113-122; Qur'an 26:43-50; Qur'an 20:70-76
  39. ↑ Qur'an 20:72
  40. ↑ Qur'an 7:127.
  41. ↑ Qur'an 40:26.
  42. ↑ Qur'an 40:28,29.
  43. ↑ Qur'an 28:38.
  44. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 27.
  45. ↑ Qur'an 7:130, 131.
  46. ↑ Qur'an 7:133.
  47. ↑ Qur'an 7:134, 135.
  48. ↑ Qur'an 44:23,24.
  49. ↑ Qur'an 7:136.
  50. ↑ Qur'an 10:90
  51. ↑ Qur'an 10:91-92
  52. ↑ Qanbarī, et al., Barrasī-yi taṭbīqī-yi Jaygāh-i Mūsā dar Qurʾān wa Tawrāt, pp. 73, 82.
  53. ↑ Qanbarī et al., Barrasī-yi taṭbīqī-yi Jaygāh-i Mūsā dar Qurʾān wa Tawrāt, p. 82.
  54. ↑ Khayr Allāhī, Barrasī-yi taṭbīqī-yi simā-yi Firʾawn dar Qurʾān wa ʾahd-i qadīm, p. 22.
  55. ↑ Qanbarī, et al., Barrasī-yi taṭbīqī-yi Jaygāh-i Mūsā dar Qurʾān wa Tawrāt, pp. 84-5.
  56. ↑ H. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East, London, 1963, p. 406-409, quoted by Bayūmī Mihrān, Dirāsāt tārīkhīyya min al-Qurʾān al-karīm, vol. 2, p. 264.
  57. ↑ Dastyaran, rida. ʾAdam-i taṭābuq-i zamānī-yi haḍrat-i Mūsa (a) ba rāmsīs-i duwwum, pp. 51-53.
  58. ↑ E.Unger, Unger's Bible Dictionary, 1970, p. 332-333, quoted by Bayūmī Mihrān, Dirāsāt tārīkhīyya min al-Qurʾān al-karīm, vol. 2, p. 277.
  59. ↑ Mūsā wa yiktāparastī, p. 18.
  60. ↑ Qurashī Bunābī, Qāmūs-i Qurān, vol. 5, p. 164; Bīāzār Shīrāzī, Bāstānshināsī wa jughrāfīyā-yi tārīkhī-yi qiṣaṣ-i Qurʾān, p. 208; Ḥarīrī, Farhang-i iṣṭilāhāt-i Qurʾānī, p. 284; Balāghī , Ḥujjat al-tafasīr wa balāgh al-iksīr, vol. 1, pp. 282-83.

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