Sura al-Isra'

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This article is an introduction to the Sura al-Isra'; to read its text see text:Sura al-Isra'.
Sura al-Isra'
al-Nahl
Sura Number17
Juz'15
Revelation
Revelation Number50
Makki/MadaniMakki
Information
Verse Count111
Word Count1560
Letter Count6440\


Sūra al-Isrā' (Arabic: سورة الإسراء) also known as Sūra Subḥān or Banī Isrāʾīl, one of the Meccan suras of the Qur'an, is the seventeenth sura located in Juz' fifteen of the Qur'an. The sura was titled al-Isra' (ascension) because it mentions the ascension of the Prophet (s) from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque. It is also called Sura Bani Isra'il as it relates parts of the story of the Israelites.

In this sura, various topics – such as monotheism, resurrection, the Prophet's ascension, evidence for his prophethood, the inimitability of the Qur'an, doing good to one's parents, the impact of one's sins on one's faith, prohibition of certain acts, and the superiority of human beings over other creatures – have been discussed.

Verse one, which mentions the Prophet's ascension; verse seventy, emphasizing human dignity; and verse eighty-two, which states that the Qur'an is a cure, are among the well-known verses of this sura.

Moreover, verse thirty-three on the prohibition of murder and verse seventy-eight on the prayer times are among the verses of rulings.

Introduction

  • Naming

This sura is entitled "al-Isra'" (ascension) because of its first verse in which the Prophet's ascension is mentioned.[1] According to some hadiths, this sura is also called "Bani Isra'il" (children of Israel),[2] because the beginning and end of this sura relates parts of the story of the Israelites.[3] The sura is also called "Subhan" as it starts with this word.[4]

  • Order and Place of Revelation

Sura al-Isra' is one of the Meccan suras and the fiftieth sura revealed to the Prophet (s) (in the year 11 after Bi'tha) after Qur'an 28 and before Qur'an 10. Sura al-Isra' is the seventieth sura in the current order of Qur'anic chapters.[5]

This sura is the first of the Seven Musabbihat—the suras that start with tasbih (glorifying God).[6]

  • Number of Verses and other Characteristics

Sura al-Isra' has 111 verses,[7] 1558 words and 6460 letters.[8] It is one of the middle suras length-wise, which occupies seventy-five percent of one juz'.[9] This sura has some of the characteristics of Medinan suras, including long verses. Such characteristics are considered to indicate that it was revealed toward the end of the Meccan period, inaugurating the Medinan suras.[10]

Contents

According to Allama Tabataba'i, the main theme of Sura al-Isra' is monotheism and glorification of God, and this theme is more predominant than the theme of praising God for His perfections. In several verses of this sura, God is said to be without a partner or child.[11]

According to Tafsir-i nimuna, the doctrinal, ethical, and social teachings of Sura al-Isra' is a complete collection that can advance human beings in material and spiritual aspects.[12]

The central themes of Sura al-Isra' are the following:

  • The issue of resurrection, punishment and reward in the hereafter, and the record of deeds.
  • A part of the history of the Israelites
  • The issue of free will and facing the consequences of one's actions
  • Punishment and reward in this world
  • Being grateful towards one's relatives, especially one's parents
  • Prohibition of extravagance, niggardliness, killing one's children, adultery, usurping the belongings of an orphan, not fulfilling one's financial obligations ultimately, arrogance and murder
  • Discussions on monotheism and the doctrine of God
  • Criticizing fanaticism and opposing the truth
  • Human dignity and superiority over other creatures
  • The effect of the Qur'an on curing ethical and social problems
  • Inimitability of the Qur'an
  • Warning against Satan's temptations
  • Moral instructions
  • Relating parts of the stories of prophets as lessons for all people[13]
Content of Sura al-Asra'[14]
The Ascension of the Prophet (s) as a sign of his truthfulness
Introduction: verse: 1
The Ascension of the Prophet (s) as a sign of his truthfulness
First discourse: verses 2-39
True happiness depends on following divine teachings		Second discource: verses 40-52
Wrong beliefs of the idolaters		Third discource: verses 53-72
The principles of refuting the beliefs of the pagans		Fourth discource: verses 73-111
Conspiracies and propaganda of the polytheists against the Quran and the Prophet (s)
First issue: verses 2-8
Revelation of Torah for the guidance of the Israelites		First believe: verses 40-46
Considering the angels God's children		First principle: verses 53-55
Avoiding offensive language		First conspiracy: verses 73-75
Trying to change the Prophet’s method
Second issue: verses 9-39
Revelation of the Quran for the guidance of all people		Second believe: verses 47-48
Considering the Prophet (s) a magician		Second principle: verses 56-57
Mentioning the weakness and incapability of the Pagan's gods		Second conspiracy: verses 76-81
Trying to banish the Prophet from Mecca
Third believe: verses 49-52
Denying the resurrection		Third principle: verses 58-59
Warning them of the punishment of those who deny divine signs		Third conspiracy: verses 82-84
Denying that the Quran is a mercy for mankind
Fourth principle: verse 60
Reminding them that God is aware of us and all our thoughts and actions		Fourth conspiracy: verses 88-89
Asking the Prophet (s) complicated questions
Fifth principle: verses 66-70
Mentioning the hostility of Satan towards human beings		Fifth conspiracy: verses 90-93
Denying the inimitability of the Quran
Sixth principle: verses 71-72
Criticizing ungratefulness towards God		Sixth conspiracy: verses 94-96
Asking the Prophet (s) to perform various miracles
Seventh principle: verses 76-77
Mentioning the consequences of following evil leaders		Seventh conspiracy: verses 97-104
Denying the prophethood of the Prophet (s) because of his humanness
Eighth conspiracy: verses 105-109
Denying resurrection
Ninth conspiracy: verses 110-111
Denying resurrection

Stories and Historical Reports

In Sura al-Isra', the following historical accounts have been mentioned:

Occasions of Revelation

Some verses of Sura al-Isra' are reported to have been revealed on specific occasions:

Verse 29

Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari reported that one day, the Prophet (s) was with his companions when a boy came to him and said, "My mother requests a shirt from you." The Prophet (s), who only had one shirt, went home, took off his shirt, and gave it to the boy. Because he did not have any other shirts, the Prophet (s) remained at home and did not come out when it was the time for prayer, and this made the companions worried. On this occasion, verse 29, "Do not keep your hand chained to your neck, nor open it altogether, or you will sit blameworthy and regretful." was revealed, which instructed the Prophet (s) to avoid excessive munificence.[15]

Verse 59

Ibn Abbas has reported that the Meccans asked the Prophet (s) to turn Safa (a hill near the Sacred Mosque) into gold and to push back the mountains of Mecca so that they could have lands for agriculture. So, God revealed to the Prophet (s) that their requests could be fulfilled, but if they did not believe afterward, they would be destroyed like their predecessors. In response, the Prophet (s) asked God to give them more time. On this occasion, verse fifty-nine was revealed: "Nothing keeps Us from sending signs except that the ancients denied them."[16]

Verse 85

Regarding the occasion of revelation of verse eighty-five, "They question you concerning the Spirit. Say, ‘The Spirit is of the command of my Lord, and you have not been given of the knowledge except a few [of you].’" it is reported that the Qurashites asked the Jews to teach them questions to challenge the Prophet (s). The Jews told them to ask him about the spirit, the Companions of the Cave, and Dhu l-Qarnayn. They added, “If he responded to all or none of the questions, he is not a prophet, but if he responded to some and refused to respond to the others, he is a prophet." The Qurashites met the Prophet (s) and asked him those questions. Thus, some verses of Qur'an 18 were revealed to answer two of the questions, and verse eighty-five was revealed in reaction to the question about the spirit, stating that the knowledge of the spirit is with God.[17]

Exegetical Points

Below, the verses with special exegetical points will be mentioned.

Verse 13

Verse thirteen states that one's "ta'ir" (from the root t-y-r, which indicates flying) is attached to one's neck.[18] According to Majma' al-bayan, this word here signifies one's actions, which "fly" around him like birds.[19]

Verse 26

This verse commands to give the relatives their due right. The commentators disagree on whether this verse gives a general command about giving one's relatives their due rights or a special command to give the Prophet's relatives their special rights.[20] Tafsir-i Nimuna reports that according to many Shia hadiths, the ones who are meant here by "the relatives" are the Ahl al-Bayt (a); however, these hadiths do not restrict the meaning of the verse but mention its most important instances.[21] According to Shia and Sunni hadiths, after the revelation of this verse, the Prophet (s) granted Fatima (a) the land of Fadak.[22]

Verse 36

In this verse, God commands people, "Do not follow that of which you do not know." 'Allama Tabataba'i maintains that this includes beliefs and actions that are not knowledge-based. According to him, the following knowledge is rooted in human primordial nature, which is constantly in pursuit of reality, which in turn is not obtained except through following knowledge.[23]

According to this verse, being endowed with hearing, eyesight, and heart brings us the responsibility to refuse to follow anything not based on knowledge.

Verse 72

According to verse seventy-two of this sura, those who are "blind" in this world will be blind in the hereafter.[24] 'Allama Tabataba'i explains that being blind means not seeing the truth or lacking insight; Qur'an 22:46 states, "Indeed it is not the eyes that turn blind, but the hearts turn blind those that are in the breasts." The verse is also interpreted to indicate that he who does not know the true Imam in this world will not achieve eternal salvation and happiness in the hereafter.[25]

According to al-Tabrisi, blindness in the hereafter is a consequence of refusing to see God's signs in this world.[26] He reports Ibn Abbas as saying, "Failing to see God's blessings leads to blindness on the Day of Judgment."[27]

Verse 84

According to verse 84, one's actions are rooted in one's "Shakila," which means one's spiritual, psychological, and ethical personality, which is the root of one's actions.[28] After mentioning this interpretation, 'Allama Tabataba'i emphasizes that a person's personality makes him only more inclined to do certain acts but never compels him to do anything.[29]

Well-Known Verses

The Ascension verse, the verse on doing good to one's parents, the verse on human dignity, and the verse on humbleness are among the well-known verses of Sura al-Isra'.

The Ascension Verse

Main article: Ascension Verse

Verse one of this sura relates the ascension of the Prophet (s) from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Farthest Mosque in Jerusalem, which was a preliminary to the Prophet's (s) ascension. According to the Muslim belief, which is in line with the manifest meaning of the verse, this one-night journey, considering the transportation means of that time, was miraculous.[30]

Verse 9

This verse introduces the Qur'an as guiding to the straightest and most upright path. According to Tafsir-i Nimuna, this characteristic is manifested in sound and unambiguous Islamic beliefs, the relation between the manifest and the hidden and between beliefs and actions in Islam, Islam's emphasizing both spiritual and material aspects, avoiding extremism in worship and other religious practices, establishing justice, and opposing oppression.[31]

Verses 23-24

Main article: The Verse of Doing Good to Parents

These verses are frequently mentioned in moral and familial discussions.[32] According to al-Mizan, this verse emphasizes doing good to parents immediately after its emphasis on monotheism because doing good to parents is among the most important Islamic duties.[33] Some Shiite hadiths state that the Prophet (s) and Imam Ali (a) are counted as one's parents.[34]

Verse 27

Main article: Al-Mubadhdhirin Verse

In this verse, prodigal people are called the brothers of devils, interpreted as a great emphasis on the prohibition of wastefulness.[35] According to commentators, the word "devils" in this verse refers to Satan, who showed ungratefulness towards God by misusing the power.[36] Thus, in this verse, extravagance is regarded as a satanic deed and ungratefulness. Just as God honors believers by the brotherhood of other believers, He despises prodigal people by the brotherhood of devils.[37]

Verse 37

Main article: Humility Verse

Verse thirty-seven is considered an indication of the foolishness of people who act ostentatiously when they achieve power or wealth and then become perplexed when they lose their wealth or power. In contrast, a wise person is one who knows his limitations and stays away from ostentatious behavior.[38]

This part of the verse is regarded as indicating human weakness: humans cannot become as tall as mountains and cannot tear the earth open by their steps.[39] This also shows the unrealistic thought of arrogant people who do not see things that are better or greater than themselves.[40]

Verse 70

Main article: Dignity Verse

Emphasizing human dignity, the theme of this verse, is an effective means for human improvement since those who value themselves do not engage in inappropriate or worthless actions.[41] The roots of human dignity are to be found, among other things, in the fact that they were created "in the best of forms"[42], have intellect, and seek perfection.[43]

'Allama Tabataba'i states that God in this verse mentions His blessings upon people and at the same time rebukes them; He mentions His blessings, which people forget, to remind them that they must be grateful.[44]

Other Well-Known Verses

The following are among other well-known verses of Sura al-Israʾ:

  • Verse 80, which is a Qur'anic prayer
  • Verse 81, which emphasizes that the Truth will remain and falsehood will perish
  • Verse 82, known sometimes as the Cure Verse
  • Verse 85, called the Spirit Verse[45]

Jurisprudential Verses

Jurists have counted some of the verses of this sura among jurisprudential verses, from which Islamic rulings are inferred:

Number Verse Chapter Subject
31 Do not kill your children for the fear of penury: Penal law on the prohibition of murder
32 Do not approach fornication. It is indeed an indecency and an evil way. Marriage on the prohibition of adultery
33 Do not kill a soul [whose life] Allah has made inviolable, except with due cause, and whoever is killed wrongfully, We have certainly given his heir an authority... Qisas Prohibition of murder and legislation of retribution
34 Do not approach the orphan’s property except in the best manner until he comes of age Trade Prohibition of spending an orphan’s possessions except in that which is good for him or her
34 Fulfill the covenants; indeed all covenants are accountable. Vows The necessity of fulfilling one’s vows
35 When you measure, observe fully the measure, [and] weigh with an even balance. Trade The Prohibition of not fulfilling one’s financial duties completely
78 Maintain the prayer [during the period] from the sun’s decline till the darkness of the night, Prayer Prayer times
79 And keep vigil for a part of the night, as a supererogatory [devotion] for you. It may be that your Lord will raise you to a praiseworthy station Prayer Instruction of night prayer
110 Be neither loud in your prayer, nor murmur it, but follow a middle course between these, Prayer Voice quality in prayer

Merits of Benefits

Regarding the recitation of Sura al-Israʾ, Imam Ali (a) is reported to have said, "He who recites this sura and feels sympathy [for his parents] where they are mentioned, he will have tremendous riches in Paradise."[46] Imam al-Sadiq (a) is also reported to have said, "He who recites Sura al-Israʾ on the eve of every Friday, he will not die unless he meets al-Mahdi (a) and will be among his companions."[47]

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi maintains that reciting this sura on the eve of Friday is supererogatory.[48]

For the full text, see text:Sura al-Isra'.


Notes

  1. ↑ Wahba al-Zuḥaylī, al-Tafsīr al-Munīr, vol. 15, p. 5.
  2. ↑ Ṣadūq, Thawāb al-aʿmāl, p. 107.
  3. ↑ Fīrūzābādī, Baṣāʾir dhawī l-tamyīz, vol. 1, p. 288.
  4. ↑ Fīrūzābādī, Baṣāʾir dhawī l-tamyīz, vol. 1, p. 296; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Maʿrifat,al-Tamhīd, vol. 1, p. 134-136.
  6. ↑ Khurramshāhī, "Sura-yi Isrā'," p. 1241.
  7. ↑ Some scholars consider verses 107 and 108 to be one verse and thus maintain that Sura al-Israʾ has 110 verses.
  8. ↑ Ḥusaynīzāda, "Sura-yi Isrā'," p. 197.
  9. ↑ Khurramshāhī, "Sura-yi Isrā'," p. 1241.
  10. ↑ Muḥaqqiqīyān, "Sura-yi Isrā'," p. 686.
  11. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 12, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 5.
  13. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 5-6.
  14. ↑ Khamagar, Muhammad, Sakhtar-i suraha-yi Qur'an-i karim, Mu'assisa-yi Farhangi-yi Qur'an wa 'Itrat-i Nur al-Thaqalayn, Qom: Nashra, ed.1, 1392 Sh.
  15. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 6, p. 635; Wāḥidī, Asbāb nuzūl al-Qurān, p. 294; Muḥaqiq, Nimuna-yi bayyināt, p. 498.
  16. ↑ Wāḥidī, Asbāb nuzūl al-Qurān, p. 295.
  17. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 6, p. 674.
  18. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 37.
  19. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 6, p. 622.
  20. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 87.
  21. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 87.
  22. ↑ Ḥusaynī Jalālī, Fadak wa al-ʿawālī, p. 141-149.
  23. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 92.
  24. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 169.
  25. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 169.
  26. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 6, p. 663.
  27. ↑ Fakhr al-Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, vol. 21, p. 378.
  28. ↑ Murtaḍawī, Darāmadī bar shiklgīrī-yi shakhsīyyat-i jawān, p.34-35; Qirāʾatī, Tafsīr-i nūr, vol. 7, p. 112.
  29. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 190.
  30. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 8.
  31. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 37.
  32. ↑ See: Aḥmadī, Maqām-i pidar wa mādar dar islām, p. 19-25. Bījanī, "Ḥuqūq wa takālīf mutaqābil-i farzandān wa wālidayn az nazar-i islām," p. 77-89.
  33. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 80.
  34. ↑ Baḥrānī, al-Burhān, vol. 2, p. 78.
  35. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 88.
  36. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 112.
  37. ↑ Qirāʾatī, Tafsīr-i nūr, vol. 7, p. 66.
  38. ↑ Mughnīya, al-Kāshif, vol. 5, p. 45.
  39. ↑ Mughnīya, al-Kāshif, vol. 5, p. 45.
  40. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 97.
  41. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 197.
  42. ↑ Qur'an, 95:4
  43. ↑ Mughnīya, al-Kāshif, vol. 5, p. 67-68.
  44. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 155.
  45. ↑ They question you concerning the Spirit. Say, ‘The Spirit is of the command of my Lord, and you have not been given the knowledge except a few [of you].’
  46. ↑ Ḥuwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, vol. 3, p. 97.
  47. ↑ Ṣadūq, Thawāb al-aʿmāl, p. 107.
  48. ↑ Ṭūsī, Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid, p. 265.

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