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Sura al-Qadr

This article is an introduction to the Sura al-Qadr; to read its text see text:Sura al-Qadr.

Sūra al-Qadr (Arabic: سورة القدر) or Innā Anzalnā (انّا انزلنا) is the ninety seventh sura of the Qur'an. It is a Makki Sura in the thirtieth juz' of the Qur'an. The name, "al-Qadr", comes from the first verse of the sura, which refers to the revelation of the Qur'an in the Night of Qadr.

Sura al-Qadr
al-Alaq
Sura al-Alaq
al-Qadr
al-Bayyina
Sura al-Bayyina
Sura Number97
Juz'30
Revelation
Revelation Number25
Makki/MadaniMakki
Information
Verse Count5
Word Count30
Letter Count114


Sura al-Qadr is about the greatness, virtues, and blessings of the Night of Qadr and the descent of the angels of mercy to Earth on that night. Shi'as appeal to the content of the sura to argue for the necessity of the existence of an Infallible Imam (a) on Earth until the Day of Resurrection.

The recitation of the sura is recommended in Daily Prayers and some recommended prayers. It is also recommended that the sura be recited one thousand times in Nights of Qadr.

Introduction

  • Naming

The sura is named "al-Qadr" because its first verse refers to the revelation of the Qur'an in the Night of Qadr. The Sura is also known as "Inna Anzalna" because it opens with this phrase.[1]

  • Order and Place of Revelation

Sura al-Qadr is a Makki Sura, and in the order of revelation, it is the twenty-fifth sura revealed to the Prophet (s). In the current order of compilation, this sura is the ninety-seventh sura of the Qur'an, located in juz' thirty.[2] Because of certain hadiths, some Quranic exegetes have allowed the possibility of the sura having been revealed in Medina. When the Prophet (s) saw in a dream that Banu Umayya were ascending his minbar, he was greatly saddened. Thus, the sura was revealed to console him.[3]

  • Number of Verses and Other Features

Sura al-Qadr has five verses, thirty words, and 114 letters. Concerning size, it counts as one of the Mufassalat Suras in the subgroup of "Awsat" (mediums) and a small sura of the Qur'an.[4]

Content

In general, Sura al-Qadr is about the revelation of the Qur'an in the Night of Qadr, the greatness of the Night of Qadr (being superior to one thousand months), the descent of the angels of mercy and the "Spirit", the predestination of people's fates, and the blessings of this night.[5]


Occasion of Revelation

About the occasion of the revelation of Sura al-Qadr it is said that one day the Prophet (s) told his companions about the story of a man from the Israelites who had put on his combat clothes for the sake of God for one thousand months. His companions were surprised by the story. Then, Sura al-Qadr was revealed, which said that vigilance in the Night of Qadr is better than one thousand months of wearing combat clothes for the sake of God.[7]

Appeal to Sura al-Qadr for the Existence of Imam al-Mahdi (a)

In Shiite collections of hadiths, there are hadiths from the Prophet (s), Imam Ali (a), and Imam al-Baqir (a) to the effect that, in Nights of Qadr, angels are sent down to rulers after the Prophet (s); that is, Ali and eleven men from his progeny. The hadiths ask Shi'as to argue for the existence and survival of Imam al-Mahdi (a), because the descent of angels in the Night of Qadr for delivering the predestination for the coming year is not limited to the period of the Prophet (s). It occurs every year. Thus, after the Prophet (s), angels are sent down to his successors, who are Infallible Imams (a) and are most similar to the Prophet (s).[8] The Shi'as have argued for the existence of a hujja (or Imam) in all periods from the doctrine that the Night of Qadr recurs every year until the Day of Resurrection, and the doctrine that angels are certainly sent down on Nights of Qadr, and the fact that angels must be sent down to someone who has a similar status to that of the Prophet (s).[9]

Jurisprudential Points about Sura al-Qadr

Oneness of Horizons

Some jurists have appealed to the verse, "Indeed, we sent the Qur'an down during the Night of Qadr," to show that seeing the crescent (as the sign of the beginning of a lunar month) in one region is evidence for people of other regions too, because the Night of Qadr is only one night in which people's fates throughout the world are predestined, and it is implausible to say that there is a Night of Qadr in one part of the world and not in others. Thus, the Night of Qadr occurs for all people in the world at the same time. However, the argument has been countered by saying that the verse is only in a position to talk about the revelation of the Qur'an in the Night of Qadr, and there is no reason for oneness or plurality of the Night of Qadr.[10]

Recitation of Sura al-Qadr is Recommended Prayers

The recitation of the sura has been recommended for certain recommended prayers, including:

  • The prayer of Fatima (a): It has two rak'as, in the first of which Qur'an 1 is recited once and Sura al-Qadr is recited one hundred times, and in the second of which Qur'an 1 is recited once and Sura al-Tawhid (Qur'an 112) is recited one hundred times.[12]
  • Salat al-Wahsha (The Prayer of Burial Night): it has two rak'as. In the first rak'a, Qur'an 1 and Ayat al-Kursi are recited, and in the second rak'a, after Qur'an 1, "Sura Inna Anzalna" is recited ten times.[13]
  • The prayer of the beginning of the month: It has two rak'as. In the first rak'a, after Qur'an 1, Qur'an 112 is recited thirty times, and in the second rak'a, after Qur'an 1, Sura Inna Anzalna is recited thirty times.[14]

Monographs about the Sura

In addition to having been interpreted in exegeses of the Qur'an, Sura al-Qadr alone, or together with a few other suras, has been interpreted in a monograph. Here are some of these monographs:

Merits and Benefits

In some hadiths, many divine rewards and virtues have been cited for the sura. It is quoted that the best suras that can be recited in obligatory prayers after Qur'an 1 are suras of al-Qadr and al-Tawhid. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a) was quoted as saying that "the superiority of the faith of someone who believes in 'Inna anzalna' and its interpretation over someone who does not have such a faith is like the superiority of a human person over an animal."

According to another hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a), if someone recites Sura Inna Anzalna in one of his obligatory prayers, the unseen messenger (an angel) will address him like this: "O the servant of God! God has forgiven every sin you have thus far committed. Now resume your actions anew."[18]

 
For the full text, see text:Sura al-Qadr.

External Links

Notes

  1. ↑ Khurramshāhī, Sūrat al-Qadr, p. 1266.
  2. ↑ Khurramshāhī, Sūrat al-Qadr, p. 1266.
  3. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 20, p. 330,334.
  4. ↑ Khurramshāhī, Sūrat al-Qadr, p. 1266.
  5. ↑ Ṣafawī, Sūra Qadr, p. 786.
  6. ↑ Khamagar, Muhammad, Sakhtar-i suraha-yi Qur'an-i karim, Mu'assisa-yi Farhangi-yi Qur'an wa 'Itrat-i Nur al-Thaqalayn, Qom: Nashra, ed.1, 1392 Sh.
  7. ↑ Wāḥidī, Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān, p. 486.
  8. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 247-252.
  9. ↑ Riḍwānī, Mawʿūd-shināsī, p. 287-288.
  10. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Qummī, Mabānī Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn, vol. 6, p. 231.
  11. ↑ Kafʿamī, al-Miṣbāḥ, p. 409.
  12. ↑ Kafʿamī, al-Miṣbāḥ, p. 410.
  13. ↑ Majlisī, Zād al-maʿād, p. 581.
  14. ↑ Ṭūsī, Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid, vol. 2, p. 523.
  15. ↑ Muṭahharī, Majmūʿa-yi āthār, vol. 28, p. 685.
  16. ↑ Ṣafāʾī Ḥāʾirī, Tafsīr Sūra Qadr.
  17. ↑ Ṣadr, Tafsīr-i Qurʾān, Qadr.
  18. ↑ Ṣadūq, Thawāb al-aʿmāl, vol. 1, p. 124.

References

  • Kafʿamī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Miṣbāḥ fī al-adʿiya wa al-ṣalawāt wa al-ziyārāt. Qom: Dār al-Raḍī, 1405 AH.
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
  • Khurramshāhī, Qawām al-Dīn. Sūrat al-Qadr. in Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān wa Qurʾānpajūhī. Tehran: Dūstān-Nāhīd, 1377 Sh.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Zād al-maʿād. Edited by ʿAlā al-Dīn Aʿlamī. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1423 AH.
  • Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. Majmūʿa-yi āthār. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ṣadrā, 1389 Sh.
  • Riḍwānī, ʿAlī Aṣghar. Mawʿūd-shināsī wa Pāsukh bi Shubahāt. Qom: Intishārāt-i Masjid-i Jamkarān, 1384 Sh.
  • Ṣadr, Sayyid Mūsā. Tafsīr-i Qurʾān, Qadr. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Farhangī-Taḥqīqātī-yi Imām Mūsā Ṣadr, [n.d].
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Thawāb al-aʿmāl wa ʿiqāb al-aʿmāl. Qom: Dār al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1406 AH.
  • Ṣafāʾī Ḥāʾirī, ʿAlī. Tafsīr Sūra Qadr. Qom: Intishārāt-i Laylat al-Qadr, 1388 Sh.
  • Ṣafawī, Salmān. Sūra Qadr, in Dānishnāma-yi Muʿāṣir-i Qurʾān-i Karīm. Qom: Intishārāt-i Salmān Āzādi, 1396 Sh.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Qummī, Sayyid Taqī. Mabānī Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Edited by ʿAbbās Ḥājīiyānī. Qom: Qalam al-Sharq, 1426 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1390 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥamamd b. al-Ḥasan al-. Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa silāḥ al-mutaʿabbid. Beirut: Muʾassisat Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH.
  • Wāḥidī, Alī b. Aḥmad. Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1411 AH.
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