Sura al-Kahf
Sūra al-Kahf (Arabic: سورة الكهف) is eighteenth sura of the Qur'an. It is a makki sura and located in juz's fifteen and sixteen. The word "kahf" means "cave". This sura is named "kahf" because it speaks about the story of the Companions of the Cave. Sura al-Kahf invites people to believe in the truth and do righteous deeds and emphasizes that God has no child.
| al-Isra' | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Sura Number | 18 |
| Juz' | 15, 16 |
| Revelation | |
| Revelation Number | 69 |
| Makki/Madani | Makki |
| Information | |
| Verse Count | 110 |
| Word Count | 1589 |
| Letter Count | 6550\ |
This article is an introduction to the Sura al-Kahf; to read its text see text:Sura al-Kahf.Several stories are mentioned in this sura, three of which are more comprehensive than others: the story of the Companions of the Cave, the story of Prophet Moses (a) and one of God's servants (Khidr (a)) and the story of Dhu l-Qarnayn. It is said that sura al-Kahf was revealed when some people from Quraysh were supposed to learn from Jews some issues and test the Prophet (s) with them. Those issues were questions from the three mentioned stories and also the time of the Day of Judgement.
One of the famous verses of Sura al-Kahf is verse fifty which refers to the story of angel's prostration to Adam (a) and disobedience of Satan. There are many narrations about the merits of recitation of Sura al-Kahf, including a hadith narrated from the Prophet (s) that upon the revelation of Sura al-Kahf, seventy thousand angels followed it and its glory filled the skies and the earth; whoever recites it on Friday, God will forgive his sins until the next Friday and will give him a light which shines up to the sky and he will be safe from the trial of Dajjal.
Introduction
- Naming
The word "kahf" means "the cave in the mountain"[1] and this sura is named "kahf" because it speaks about the story of the Companions of the Cave. Another name of this sura is "Ha'ila" because it is a veil between its reciters and those who act upon it and the hellfire.[2]
- Order and Place of Revelation
Sura al-Kahf is a Makki sura. It was sixty nineth sura revealed to the Prophet (s), but now it is eighteenth sura in the Qur'an,[3] located exactly in the middle of the Qur'an in juz's fifteen and sixteen.[4]
- Number of Verses and other Characteristics
Sura al-Kahf has 110 verses, 1589 words and 6550 letters. Regarding volume, it is among "Mi'un suras" (suras with about hundred verses) and middle size taking about half of one juz'.[5]
Content
About the content and the goal of Sura al-Kahf, it is said that through threats and good news, it invites people toward the truth and righteous deeds. In this sura, it is also emphasized that God has no child; as, in some verses, those who have considered children for God are threatened.
Thus, this sura addresses those who believed that angels, jinns and righteous people are children of God and Christians who believe that Jesus (a) is son of God. It is also said that it is possible that this sura was revealed to narrate the three extraordinary stories of the Companions of the Cave, Moses (a) and one of God's servants and the story of Dhu l-Qarnayn.[6] These stories are mentioned all in one place, contrary to most other stories in the Qur'an which are divided in different suras.[7]
| Sura al-Kahf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First topic: verses 1-8 Excessive love of the world, as the reason why disbelievers do not accept Islam | Second topic: verses 9-26 Story of the Companions of the Cave, the sign of the world's decay and the truth of the hereafter | Third topic: verses 37-59 The Prophet's (a) duty against world-loving disbelievers | Fourth topic: verses 60-82 Story of Moses (a) and Khidr (a), the sign of the inner nature of the world | Fifth topic: verses 83-102 Story of Dhu l-Qarnayn, a sign of the failure of world-loving disbelievers | Sixth topic: verses 103-110 Instead of seeking the world, seek the mercy of God! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First point: verses 1-5 the Qur'an, warning world-loving polytheists | First point: verses 9-12 Strangeness of the story of the Companions of the Cave | First responsibility: verse 27 Reciting the Book of God | First point: verses 60-64 Mosess (a) search for Khidr (a) | First point: verses 83-84 God-given knowledge and power of Dhu l-Qarnayn | First point: verses 103-108 World-lovers' deprivation of God's mercy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Second point: verses 6-8 Comforting the Prophet (a) about disbelief of world-lovers | Second point: verses 13-15 Uprising of the Companions of the Cave against polytheism | Second responsibility: verse 28 Accompanying believers and keeping away from ignorant ones | Second point: verses 65-66 Mosess (a) request from Khidr (a) to teach him divine teachings | Second point: verses 85-88 Dhu l-Qarnayn's journey to the West | Second point: verse 109 Immeasurability of God's mercy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Third point: verse 16 Taking refuge in the cave | Third responsibility: verses 29-31 Explaining the destiny of disbelief and having faith | Third point: verses 67-70 Khidr's (a) condition for teaching Moses (a) | Third point: verses 89-91 Dhu l-Qarnayn's journey to the East | Third point: verse 110 Faith and righteous deeds, as the condition for benefiting from God's mercy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forth point: verses 17-18 Sleeping of the Companions of the Cave in an especial way | Forth responsibility: verses 32-44 Reminding the evil destiny of world lovers | Forth point: verses 71-78 Three seemingly strange actions of Khidr (a) | Forth point: verses 92-102 Dhu l-Qarnayn's journey to mountains | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fifth point: verses 19-20 Waking of the Companions of the Cave and going to the city | Fifth responsibility: verses 45-49 Reminding the decay of the world | Fifth point: verses 79-82 Wisdom and the heart of Khidr's (a) actions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sixth point: verse 21 People's argument about setting up a building upon the grave of the Companions of the Cave | Sixth responsibility: verses 50-51 Warning about Satan's enmity with man | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seventh point: verses 22-24 Different opinions about the number of the Companions of the Cave | Seventh responsibility: verses 52-53 Reminding the inability of (so-called) partners of God in Resurrection. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eighth point: verses 25-26 Different opinions about how long the Companions of the Cave were asleep | Eighth responsibility: verses 54-59 Reminding the destiny of ignoring the warnings of the Qur'an | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Historical Stories and Narrations
In Sura al-Kahf, there are some stories, three of which are more comprehensive:
- Story of the Companions of the Cave: (verses eight – twenty six) Guidance of these people by God, their struggle with disbelievers, seeking refuge in the cave, the miracle of their survival by the help of God, their waking up and people's reaction toward them, clarification of the truth and explaining the argument disbelievers had with the Prophet (s) about this story.[9]
- Story of Moses (a) and Khidr (a): (verses sixty – eighty two) Company of Moses (a) and the teenager to Majma' al-Bahrayn, forgetting the fish, returning to find the fish, meeting one of God's servants (Khidr (a)), Moses' (a) request to accompany him, Khidr's (a) warning about Moses' (a) impatience, making a hole in the boat, Killing the boy, repairing the wall in the city whose people rejected them and the three complaints of Moses (a), separation of Moses (a) from Khidr (a), mentioning the interpretation of Khidr's (a) actions.[10]
- Story of Dhu l-Qarnayn: (verses eighty three – ninety eight) asking the Prophet (s) about Dhu l-Qarnayn, gifting the kingdom to Dhu l-Qarnayn, his treatment toward the two groups in the west and the east, arriving between the two barriers, complaints of people about Gog and Magog, building a bulwark to prevent the attack of Gog and Magog.[11]
Delay in Revelation and the Verse of Mashiyyat
About the occasion of the revelation of Sura al-Kahf, it is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that Quraysh sent three people to Najran tribe to learn some issues there and use them to test the Prophet (s). The three people went to Najran and met Jewish scholars. Jews told them to ask the Prophet (s) three things, and "if he (s) answers the way we know, he (s) is true to his claim; otherwise, he (s) is lying; then, you ask him one more thing.
If he (s) says that he (s) knows the answer, he (s) is a liar." The three issues they decided to ask the Prophet (s) were the story of the Companions of the Cave, the story of Moses (a) with Khidr (a) and the destiny of the person (Dhu l-Qarnayn) who traveled between the east and the west and reached the barrier of Gog and Magog. Jews gave the three people from Quraysh the answers to the questions. The fourth issue was about the time of the Day of Judgement.
Those from Quraysh returned to Mecca and went to Abu Talib and posed their questions to the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) told them that, "I will give the answers tomorrow." But, he (s) did not say "In sha'Allah" (If God wills). Thus, he (s) did not receive revelation for forty days, so that he (s) became sad and his companions who had believed in him, became doubtful while Quraysh were happy and began mocking and harassing the Prophet (s). Abu Talib became very upset.
After forty days, Sura al-Kahf was revealed to the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) asked angel Gabriel the cause of delay and he said that, "we are not able to come on our own, but with God's permission." Imam al-Sadiq (a) then mentioned the story of the Companions of the Cave.[12] 'Allama Tabataba'i mentioned this narration and then said that there are many narrations reporting the story of the Companions of the Cave, but they have conflicts. Among them, the mentioned narration is the clearest, the text of which is free from conflicts and incoherence; however, it still has some problems.[13]
Famous Verses
Verse 50
| “ | " When We said to the angels, 'Prostrate before Adam,' they prostrated, but not Iblis. He was one of the jinn, so he transgressed against his Lord's command" | ” |
| — Qur'an, 18:50 | ||
According to commentaries, this verse refers to a story mentioned in Qur'an 2[14] which gives the report of the creation of Adam (a) and prostration of angels to him.[15] Two of the points mentioned by exegetes about this verse are that although Satan was one of the jinns, but he achieved a position among angels due to his obedience and position before God,[16] and another point is that it can be learned from the prostration of angels that prostration for other than God has no problem if it is for the sake of reverence.[17] The story of prostration of angels and disobedience of Satan is mentioned in several places in the Qur'an including in Qur'an 38:73, Qur'an 15:30 and Qur'an 2:34.
Verse 110
| “ | " Say, 'I am just a human being like you. It has been revealed to me that your God is the One God." | ” |
| — Qur'an, 18:110 | ||
It is mentioned in commentaries that this verse refers to three principles of Unity of God, the Prophethood and the hereafter[18] and rejects polytheistic thoughts and the claim of divinity about the Prophet (s).[19] It is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that "whoever recites the last verse of Sura al-Kahf before sleeping, he can wake up anytime he wishes."[20]
Merits and Benefits
There are many narrations from the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) about the merits of recitation of Sura al-Kahf which mention the importance of the content of this sura[21] such as the following:
- It is narrated from the Prophet (s) that upon the revelation of Sura al-Kahf, seventy thousand angels followed it and its glory filled the skies and the earth. Whoever recites it on Friday, God will forgive his sins until the next Friday and (according to another narration, it keeps him away from sins) and gives him a light which shines up to the sky and he will be safe from the trial of Dajjal.[22]
- It is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that whoever recites Sura al-Kahf on the eve of Fridays, he will die as martyr and will be resurrected with martyrs and will be among them on the Day of Judgment.[23]
Also, some benefits are mentioned for recitation of Sura al-Kahf including the hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) saying that, "whoever recites the last verse of Sura al-Kahf before sleeping, he can wake up anytime he wishes."[24]
External Links
Notes
- ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, under the word کهف.
- ↑ Khurramshāhī, Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 1241.
- ↑ Maʿrifat, Āmūzish-i ʿulūm-i Qurʾān, vol. 1, p. 166.
- ↑ Khurramshāhī, Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 1241.
- ↑ Khurramshāhī, Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 1241.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 236.
- ↑ Khurramshāhī, Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 1240-1241.
- ↑ Khamagar, Muhammad, Sakhtar-i suraha-yi Qur'an-i karim, Mu'assisa-yi Farhangi-yi Qur'an wa 'Itrat-i Nur al-Thaqalayn, Qom: Nashra, ed.1, 1392 Sh.
- ↑ Maʿmūrī, "Taḥlīl sākhtār-i riwāyat dar Qurʾān", p. 160.
- ↑ Maʿmūrī, "Taḥlīl sākhtār-i riwāyat dar Qurʾān", p. 162.
- ↑ Maʿmūrī, "Taḥlīl sākhtār-i riwāyat dar Qurʾān", p. 162.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 278.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 280-283.
- ↑ Qurʾān, 2:30-38.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna. Vol. 1, p. 181.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 462.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 1, p. 122.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 405.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 576.
- ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 2, p. 540.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 336.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 336.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 12, p. 336.
- ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 2, p. 540.
References
- Qurʾān Karīm. Translated by Muḥammad Mahdī Fūlādwand. Tehran: Dār al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 1418 AH-1376 Sh.
- Thaqafī Tehrānī, Muḥammad. Rawān-i jāwīd dar tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i majīd. Tehran: Burhān, [n.d].
- Khurramshāhī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn. Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān wa Qurʾān pazhūhī. Tehran: Dūstān-Nāhīd, 1377 Sh.
- Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. Edited by Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
- Ṭabāṭabāyī, Mūḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Second edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1974.
- Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
- Maʿrifat, Muḥammad Hādī. Āmūzish-i ʿulūm-i Qurʾān. [n.p]: Markaz Chāp wa Nashr-i Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt, 1371 Sh.
- Maʿmūrī, ʿAlī. "Taḥlīl sākhtār-i riwāyat dar Qurʾān". Tehran: Nigāh-i Muʿāṣir, 1392 Sh.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1374 Sh.