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Ghina' (book)

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Ghina'
AuthorSayyid Ali Khamenei
CountryIran
LanguagePersian
SubjectGhina' and music
GenreText of Bahth al-Kharij (Advanced Fiqh Course)
PublisherInqilab Islami Publications
Publication date
2019


Ghina' (Persian: غناء) or Darsnama-yi Ghina' wa Musiqi (Persian: درس‌نامه غناء و موسیقی; Textbook on Ghina' and Music) is a published text of the advanced jurisprudence lectures (dars al‑kharij) of Ayatollah Khamenei on the subject of ghina' and music. The text of this book was taught from November 24, 2008 to January 26, 2010. Focusing on hadiths related to ghina', this book explains the concept of ghina' and forbidden music, and examines the mentioned hadiths and the theories of jurists. It also answers 48 questions related to these topics.

According to Ayatollah Khamenei's opinion in this book, ghina' is not forbidden per se; rather, the criterion for its prohibition is being lahwi (frivolous/debauchery), misleading, and deviating from the path of God. The criterion for forbidden music is also driving the atmosphere towards negligence in religion and sin.

This book was first published in Persian in 2019 by the Islamic Revolution Research and Cultural Institute.

Author

Main article: Sayyid Ali Khamenei

Ayatollah Khamenei is the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran and one of the Shi'a Marja's.[1] He began teaching advanced jurisprudence in 1990 and has taught the chapters of jihad, qisas, makasib muharrama, and prayer of a traveler.[2]

Content

Darsnama-yi Ghina' wa Musiqi is the edited text of 75 sessions of Ayatollah Khamenei's advanced jurisprudence lectures, taught from November 24, 2008 to January 26, 2010.[3] This book explains the concept of ghina' and forbidden music and examines its various aspects.[4] While reviewing the hadiths, references are made to books and opinions of Shi'a jurists.[5] The issue of dance (raqs) is also examined at the end of the book.[6]

According to Rida Mukhtari, one of the sources for this textbook was the four-volume book Ghinā, Musiqi authored by Muhsin Sadiqi and Rida Mukhtari. The core text of Ayatollah Khamenei's dars al-kharij was al-Makasib by Shaykh al-Ansari; however, upon reaching the discussion of ghina', he set aside al-Ansari's Makasib and made the book Ghina', Musiqi the focal point of his discussion. He examined all the narrations in this book in terms of chain of transmission and text, and also discussed the research of jurists found in other volumes of the book as appropriate.[7] In addition to examining the implication and chain of transmission of narrations and the opinions of jurists, attention has been paid to the historical aspect of the issue of Ghinna' and music, which aids in the correct understanding of the hadiths.[8]

Method of Discussion

The book addresses the topics of ghina', music, and dance. In his advanced jurisprudence lectures on ghina', Ayatollah Khamenei divided the hadiths related to Ghinna' into five categories, and then analyzed the chain of transmission and implications of about 100 hadiths. These five categories are:

  1. Narrations revealed under verses; including narrations related to the interpretation of verses[9] (Qur'an 22:30,[10] Qur'an 25:72,[11] Qur'an 31:6,[12] and Qur'an 25:72[13]) and narrations citing the verses as evidence.[14]
  2. Narrations not under verses (narrations regarding the prohibition of ghina').[15]
  3. Narrations on listening to ghina'.[16]
  4. Narrations on the earnings of a mughanniya (female singer).[17]
  5. Narrations related to ghina' in the Qur'an (ghina' in Qur'anic recitation).[18]

Features

Showing Musical Instruments on TV

Showing these instruments on television is a form of promotion and normalization. The use of these instruments in creating Lahwi (frivolous/forbidden) sound dominates their use in non-lahwi sound. That is, its forbidden aspect is greater than its lawful aspect. The more we promote this, the more we have promoted the forbidden (haram) and lahw.

Khamenei, Ghina' , 1398 Sh, p. 444.

The following features have been enumerated for the book Ghina':

  • Focusing on narrations related to ghina' topics (100 narrations);[19] it is stated that all hadiths regarding ghina' and its related issues have been examined in detail in terms of sanad and text.[20]
  • Introducing various indicators of ghina' and forbidden music.[21]
  • Comprehensiveness of the opinions and theories of early and late Shi'a jurists;[22] referencing all treatises related to ghina' is considered one of the book's features.[23]
  • Answering 48 questions related to ghina' and forbidden music.[24]
  • Organizing the book in a textbook structure.[25]

The advanced jurisprudence course on ghina' has been counted among the longest seminary lessons on the specific subject of ghina'.[26]

Views

Some of Ayatollah Khamenei's theories in this book are as follows:

Ghina'

  • Ghina' is not forbidden per se. The criterion for its prohibition is lahw (frivolity/debauchery) and idlal 'an sabil Allah (misleading and removing a human from the path of God).[27]
  • Determining whether it is lahwi and idlal 'an sabil Allah is understood through one of the following: arousing lust, driving one towards a forbidden act, preventing the performance of obligatory acts, and creating negligence towards religion.[28]
  • Doubtful cases are not forbidden, and the principle of exemption (asl al-bara'a) applies to them.[29]
General Rule for Forbidden Music

Any tune and sound that drags the atmosphere—the atmosphere in which this sound is broadcast—towards negligence of religion, towards sin, towards indifference to obligation and religious duty, is forbidden.

Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 444.

Music

  • The criterion for forbidden music is driving the atmosphere towards negligence in religion and sin.[30] Music is not forbidden per se, and unless the title of "driving towards sin and negligence of religion" applies, a fatwa cannot be issued regarding its prohibition.[31]
  • The reference for diagnosing forbidden ghina' and music is custom.[32] If a mukallaf (religiously accountable person) doubts whether the music is considered by the custom of people as "misleading from the path of God" and forbidden or not, based on the principle of lawfulness (Asl a-hilliya), it is judged to be lawful.[33]

Dance

  • Dance (raqs) is forbidden, and the criterion for its prohibition is its being lahwi, unlike a woman's dance for her husband, which is not lahwi.[34]

Publication

The book Ghina' was published in 2019 by the Islamic Revolution Research and Cultural Institute in 560 pages. This book is the first work from the series of jurisprudential lessons of Ayatollah Khamenei published by this institute.[35]

Notes

  1. ↑ Behbūdī, Sharḥ-i ism, 1391 Sh, p. 78.
  2. ↑ A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husayni Khamenei, The Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  3. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, Introduction to the book, p. gh.
  4. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, Introduction to the book, p. ḍ.
  5. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, Introduction to the book, p. ḍ.
  6. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 511.
  7. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's unique effort for the jurisprudence of music/ The most detailed Dars-i Kharij of Fiqh on the subject of Ghinna', Khabar Online.
  8. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's unique effort for the jurisprudence of music/ The most detailed Dars-i Kharij of Fiqh on the subject of Ghinna', Khabar Online.
  9. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 8.
  10. ↑ Qur'an 22:30.
  11. ↑ Qur'an 25:72.
  12. ↑ Qur'an 31:6.
  13. ↑ Qur'an 25:72.
  14. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 85.
  15. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 99.
  16. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 110.
  17. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 139.
  18. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 155.
  19. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 5.
  20. ↑ Ghinā and Music, Website of Islamic Revolution Publications.
  21. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 252, p. 444.
  22. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. gh.
  23. ↑ Ghinā and Music, Website of Islamic Revolution Publications.
  24. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, pp. 449-510.
  25. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, Introduction to the book, p. gh.
  26. ↑ Ghinā and Music, Website of Islamic Revolution Publications.
  27. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 452.
  28. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 444.
  29. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 337.
  30. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 444.
  31. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 444.
  32. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 465.
  33. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 466.
  34. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, p. 525.
  35. ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ghinna', 1398 Sh, Introduction.

References

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