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Immediate Obligation

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Immediate Obligation (Arabic: الواجب الفوري) refers to an obligatory act that must be performed at the earliest possible time without delay,[1] such as answering a greeting.[2] Immediate obligation is opposed to non-immediate obligation (al-wajib al-ghayr al-fawri), the performance of which is permitted to be delayed from the first possible time, such as the makeup (qada') of a missed prayer.[3] The criterion for haste in an immediate action is considered to be the diagnosis of 'urf (common usage), such that the delay is not regarded as negligence or carelessness.[4]

Discussions related to immediate obligation are found in jurisprudential books in sections on acts of worship (such as Prayer,[5] Zakat,[6] Fasting,[7] Hajj[8]) and non-worship acts (such as transactions[9] and Nikah[10]). This issue is also discussed in Principles of Jurisprudence in the section concerning the categories of obligatory acts.[11]

Jurists have stated three forms for an act that is immediately obligatory but the duty-bound person has omitted or delayed it:[12]

  1. An immediate action which, by not performing or delaying it, loses its topicality (mawdu'iyya); such as answering a greeting, for in the view of 'urf, there should be no gap between the greeting and the answer; therefore, in case of delay in answering, the duty (immediacy and obligation) ceases to exist.
  2. An obligation which, by not performing it immediately, remains as an expanded obligation (al-wajib al-muwassa');[13] such as if a duty-bound person does not perform the Sign prayer immediately after an earthquake, the duty remains as an expanded obligation and must be performed with the intention of makeup (qada').
  3. An obligatory act which, by not performing it immediately, the duty of obligation and immediacy remains fixed and permanent; meaning it is obligatory on the duty-bound person to perform that act with the intention of performance (ada'), not makeup (qada'); such as Hajj. If someone acquires ability (istita'a) in a year and does not perform Hajj, they must perform Hajj immediately the following year with the intention of performance (ada'), and this Hajj is not counted as a makeup for the previous year.[14] There are various examples for this form in jurisprudence, such as zakat, khums, acting upon a will, paying a debt, and repentance.[15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Muẓaffar, Uṣūl al-fiqh, 1373Sh, vol. 1, p. 97.
  2. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, 1419, vol. 3, p. 21.
  3. ↑ Muẓaffar, Uṣūl al-fiqh, 1373Sh, vol. 1, p. 97.
  4. ↑ Aḥkām-i masjid / Makān-i muṣallā / Kitāb al-ṣalāt, Website of Madris-iy-i Fiqhī-yi Imām Muḥammad Bāqir.
  5. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362Sh, vol. 12, p. 455.
  6. ↑ Baḥrānī, Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira, 1363Sh, vol. 12, p. 229.
  7. ↑ Ḥalabī, Al-Kāfī fi l-fiqh, 1403, p. 184.
  8. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, Al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya, 1410, vol. 2, p. 161.
  9. ↑ Shahīd al-Awwal, Al-Lumʿat al-dimashqiyya, 1410, p. 162.
  10. ↑ Khumaynī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1390, vol. 2, p. 293.
  11. ↑ Muẓaffar, Uṣūl al-fiqh, 1373Sh, vol. 1, p. 97.
  12. ↑ Mawḍūʿ: Dalālat-i khiṭāb-i amr bar fawr wa tarākhī, Website of Madris-iy-i Fiqāhat.
  13. ↑ The duration of time designated by the Lawgiver for the performance of the act is more than the time required to perform it, such as daily prayers. (See: Muẓaffar, Uṣūl al-fiqh, 1373Sh, vol. 1, p. 98.)
  14. ↑ Kitāb al-Ḥajj, Website of Ayatollah Mohammad Javad Fazel Lankarani.
  15. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362Sh, vol. 33, p. 168.

References

  • Baḥrānī, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad al-. Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitra al-ṭāhira. Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1363Sh/1984-85.
  • Ḥalabī, Taqī b. Najm al-. Al-Kāfī fi l-fiqh. Ed. Riḍā Ustādī. Isfahan, Maktabat al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn, 1403/1982-83.
  • Aḥkām-i masjid / Makān-i muṣallā / Kitāb al-ṣalāt, Website of Madris-iy-i Fiqhī-yi Imām Muḥammad Bāqir, Accessed: April 6, 2024.
  • Khumaynī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh al-. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Maṭbūʿātī-yi Ismāʿīlīyān, 2nd ed., 1390/1970-71.
  • Kitāb al-Ḥajj, Website of Ayatollah Mohammad Javad Fazel Lankarani, Accessed: April 14, 2024.
  • Mawḍūʿ: Dalālat-i khiṭāb-i amr bar fawr wa tarākhī, Website of Madris-iy-i Fiqāhat, Accessed: April 14, 2024.
  • Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. Uṣūl al-fiqh. Qom, Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1373Sh/1994-95.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Ed. ʿAbbās Qūchānī & ʿAlī Ākhūndī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 7th ed., 1362Sh/1983-84.
  • Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī al-. Al-Lumʿat al-dimashqiyya. Qom, Dār al-Fikr, 1410/1989-90.
  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya fī sharḥ al-Lumʿat al-dimashqiyya. Ed. Sayyid Muḥammad Kalāntar. Qom, Kitābfurūshī-yi Dāvarī, 1st ed., 1410/1989-90.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā fīmā taʿumm bihī al-balwā. Ed. Aḥmad Muḥsinī Sabzwārī. Qom, Daftar-i Nashr-i Islāmī, 1419/1998-99.
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