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Visiting Sadat (ritual)

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The Ritual of Visiting Sadat is an Iranian custom in which people visit Sadat (descendants of the Prophet) on Eid al-Ghadir to congratulate them. The Sadat, in return, give Eidi (gifts) to their guests. According to reports, in popular belief, the money gifted by Sadat—usually banknotes stamped or embossed with the name of Imam Ali (a)—is not spent but kept as Tabarruk (blessing). Some consider the history of the ritual of visiting Sadat to be a continuation of the custom of visiting Shi'a elders and Imams on the day of Ghadir Khumm.

Some believe that this ritual has its roots in the visits of Shi'a elders to their Imams on the days of Eid al-Ghadir, which continued during the Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a) through visits to the Special Deputies and Shi'a scholars, and has now evolved into visiting Sadat.

Visiting Sadat on the Day of Ghadir

The ritual of visiting Sadat is one of the Iranian customs on the day of Eid al-Ghadir[1] during which people visit Sadat (especially families of cleric Sadat and elderly Sadat[2]), and the host welcomes the guests with sweets and Eidi (gift).[3]

According to reports, some Iranians, in a folk belief, consider kissing the hand or chest of seven Sayyids on this day to hold great reward and bring good fortune.[4] In some regions, it is customary for all Sadat, wearing specific symbols of Sayyid-hood such as a green shawl or hat, to gather in one place, and people go to meet them.[5]

Also, during the ritual of visiting Sadat, eulogists and poets recite poetry in praise of Imam Ali (a) and Eid al-Ghadir.[6] Another common custom of this Eid in some areas is paying Khums or a sum of money as a gift to needy Sadat.[7] According to some, the association of this ritual with the day of Eid al-Ghadir is such that in some regions of Iran, this day is known as "Eid-i Sadat" (Eid of Sadat), "Eid-i Sayyid-ha" (Eid of Sayyids),[8] and "The Day of Honoring Sadat".[9]

Hosting by Sadat

An Iranian 500-rial banknote prepared as Eid of Ghadir, stamped with the honorific titles of Imam Ali (a), traditionally given during the custom of visiting the Sādāt on Eid al-Ghadir.

, to be gifted during the ritual of visiting Sadat on Eid al-Ghadir.]]

In the ritual of visiting Sadat, starting a few days before Eid al-Ghadir, Sadat prepare to host guests by cleaning their homes.[10] On this day, Sadat give Eidi (gifts) to people, especially their guests. This Eidi is usually new banknotes stamped with the seal of Imam Ali's (a) titles and the name of the person giving it.[11] The stamp is often gold-embossed, and depending on the Sadat's taste, it accompanies a few chocolates, a written note, or a book.[12]

According to reports, people believe that the money they receive as a gift from Sadat should not be spent; rather, they keep it as Tabarruk (blessing) to increase Baraka (blessing/abundance) in their sustenance.[13]

History

Throughout history, Sadat, due to their lineage to the Prophet (s), have always been respected by the general public of Muslims, and even rulers and governors held special respect for them.[14] Attention to Sadat on the day of Eid al-Ghadir is also evident in the conduct of religious scholars; for example, Mulla Hadi Sabzawari, a Shi'a mystic and philosopher, would respect and honor Sadat more than anyone else every year on Eid al-Ghadir.[15]

There is no precise information regarding when the ritual of visiting Sadat on Eid al-Ghadir began in Iran; however, some believe that this ritual has its roots in the visits of Shi'a elders to their Imam on the days of Eid al-Ghadir. This custom continued during the Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a) through visits to the Special Deputies and Shi'a scholars, and has reached the present day in the form of visiting Sadat.[16]

Centrality of Imamate and Wilaya on the Day of Ghadir

Some oppose the title "Eid of Sadat" for the day of Ghadir Khumm. They accept that visiting believers on the day of Eid al-Ghadir is among the recommended customs in narrations; however, they state that the ritual of visiting Sadat on this day does not exist in Shi'a religious sources. Therefore, through this emerging ritual, the issue of Imamate and Wilaya, which is the real axis of this day, might be marginalized and eventually forgotten, altering the true nature of this day.[17]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kowsar Blog. "Charā ʿĪd-i Ghadīr Khumm rā ʿīd-i Sayyid-hā mīnāmand?" (Why is Eid al-Ghadir Khumm called the Eid of Sayyids?). Weblog-i Madrasa-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Al-Zahrā Minudasht.
  2. ↑ Javan Online. "ʿĪd-i Sādāt wa siyādat dar farhang-i Īrānī" (The Eid of Sadat and Sayyid-hood in Iranian Culture).
  3. ↑ Muqaddam Gul-Muḥammadī, Tuysirkān, 1378 Sh, p. 527; Ṣāliḥ Ṭabarī, Bābul, 1378 Sh, p. 168; Ṭabāṭabāʾī-far, Rūstā-yi Qāṭūl dar gudhar-i zamān, 1381 Sh, p. 228.
  4. ↑ Muʾayyad-Muḥsinī, Farhang-i ʿāmiyāna-yi Sīrjān, 1381 Sh, p. 254; Shākirī, Atrak-nāma, 1365 Sh, p. 276; Muʾnis al-Dawla, Khāṭirāt-i Muʾnis al-Dawla, 1380 Sh, p. 180.
  5. ↑ Mehr News Agency. "Dīdār bā Sādāt dar rūz-i ʿĪd-i Ghadīr / Pūlī kih barakat-i zindigī mī-shavad" (Visiting Sadat on Eid al-Ghadir / Money that becomes the blessing of life).
  6. ↑ IRIB News Agency. "ʿĪd-i Ghadīr wa dīdār bā Sādāt" (Eid al-Ghadir and Visiting Sadat).
  7. ↑ Muḥammadī, Takāb Afshār, 1369 Sh, p. 356.
  8. ↑ Muḥammadī, Takāb Afshār, 1369 Sh, p. 356; Muʾayyad-Muḥsinī, Farhang-i ʿāmiyāna-yi Sīrjān, 1381 Sh, p. 254; Ṣafarī, Ardabīl dar gudhargāh-i tārīkh, 1353 Sh, vol. 2, p. 121.
  9. ↑ Javan Online. "ʿĪd-i Sādāt wa siyādat dar farhang-i Īrānī" (The Eid of Sadat and Sayyid-hood in Iranian Culture).
  10. ↑ Mehr News Agency. "Dīdār bā Sādāt dar rūz-i ʿĪd-i Ghadīr / Pūlī kih barakat-i zindigī mī-shavad".
  11. ↑ Bārīkānī, Barrasī-yi mardom-shinākhtī-yi janba-hā-yi mukhtalif-i barguzārī-yi aʿyād-i madhhabī dar kalān-shahr-hā, 1391 Sh, p. 103.
  12. ↑ Mehr News Agency. "Dīdār bā Sādāt dar rūz-i ʿĪd-i Ghadīr / Pūlī kih barakat-i zindigī mī-shavad".
  13. ↑ Akhawān, Ādāb wa sunan-i ijtimāʿī-yi Fīn-i Kāshān, 1373 Sh, pp. 154–155.
  14. ↑ For this purpose, see: Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, 1364 Sh, vol. 3, pp. 240–241; Ibn Ḥawqal, Ṣūrat al-arḍ, 1938, pp. 131–132.
  15. ↑ ʿAywaḍī, Ayna l-Bakkāʾūn, 1389 Sh, p. 102.
  16. ↑ Būturābī, ʿĪd-i Ghadīr, 1384 Sh, p. 528.
  17. ↑ Baṣīrī, "Bā iḥtirām bih Sādāt; ʿĪd-i Ghadīr 'ʿĪd-i Wilāyat' ast!" (With respect to Sadat; Eid al-Ghadir is the 'Eid of Wilaya'!). Atna Website.

References

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  • Bārīkānī, Samīrā. Barrasī-yi mardom-shinākhtī-yi janba-hā-yi mukhtalif-i barguzārī-yi aʿyād-i madhhabī dar kalān-shahr-hā (Mawrid-i muṭālaʿa-yi kalān-shahr-i Tehrān). Master's Thesis. Tehran, Islamic Azad University (Central Tehran Branch), Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Anthropology Department, 1391 Sh.
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