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Draft:Ibn al-Sabīl

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Ibn al-Sabīl (Arabic: اِبن‌ سَبیل) refers to a traveler who is stranded on a journey and lacks the financial ability to reach their destination.[1] The word Ibn al-Sabil appears several times in the Qur'an: in the suras of al-Baqara,[2] al-Nisa',[3] al-Isra'[4] and al-Rum[5] as one of those entitled to infaq (charity); in Sura al-Tawba as one of those entitled to zakat;[6] and in Sura al-Anfal and al-Hashr it is counted as entitled to khums and fay'.[7]

In some hadiths, a needy guest and also a person who intends to travel but lacks the financial ability to do so (munshi' al-safar) are also called Ibn al-Sabil.[8]

In jurisprudence, Ibn al-Sabil is examined in the chapters of zakat, khums, and fay'.[9] According to verse 60 of Sura al-Tawba, Ibn al-Sabil is one of the eight groups receiving zakat.[10] Some jurists have said that if a traveler has financial ability in their own city but faces destitution during the journey, they can receive zakat.[11] Some jurists have limited the entitlement to obligatory or recommended journeys, and some have considered it to include permissible journeys as well.[12] Al-Shahid al-Thani has considered the traveler's inability to sell or exchange properties, as well as the impossibility of borrowing, as conditions for receiving zakat.[13] Some have attributed this condition to the popular opinion of the jurists.[14] Most jurists have said that if after Ibn al-Sabil reaches the destination, an amount of zakat remains, they must return it.[15]

Regarding khums and fay', most Imamiyya jurists believe that if Ibn al-Sabil is from the Sayyids, their travel expenses are paid from the share of Sayyids or fay'.[16] Among the conditions for paying khums are the journey not being haram and the inability to provide for the expenses through a loan or selling properties.[17]

Notes

  1. ↑ Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1382 SH/2003-4, vol. 1, p. 221; Muḥaqqiq Dāmād and Pākatchī, "Ibn al-Sabīl", 1369 SH/1990-91, vol. 3, p. 664.
  2. ↑ Qur'an 2:177, 215.
  3. ↑ Qur'an 4:36.
  4. ↑ Qur'an 17:26.
  5. ↑ Qur'an 30:28.
  6. ↑ Qur'an 9:60.
  7. ↑ Qur'an 8:41; Qur'an 59:7.
  8. ↑ Ibn ʿĀshūr, Tafsīr al-taḥrīr wa l-tanwīr, 1420/1999-2000, vol. 2, p. 130; Al-Suyūṭī, Al-Durr al-manthūr, 1403/1982-83, vol. 1, p. 415 & vol. 4, p. 225.
  9. ↑ Ibn Barrāj, Al-Muhadhdhab, 1406/1985-86, vol. 1, p. 169; Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Al-Mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ, 1418/1997-98, vol. 1, p. 63.
  10. ↑ Al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1367 SH/1988-89, vol. 15, pp. 372-373.
  11. ↑ Al-Ṭūsī, Al-Nihāya, 1400/1979-80, vol. 1, p. 192.
  12. ↑ Al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa, 1413/1992-93, vol. 3, p. 206.
  13. ↑ Al-Shahīd al-Thānī, Al-Rawḍa al-bahiyya, 1410/1989-90, vol. 2, p. 50.
  14. ↑ Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1382 SH/2003-4, vol. 1, p. 221.
  15. ↑ Al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1367 SH/1988-89, vol. 15, pp. 372-373.
  16. ↑ Al-Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1367 SH/1988-89, vol. 15, pp. 372-373.
  17. ↑ Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1382 SH/2003-4, vol. 1, p. 221.

References

  • Al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf. Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī-yi Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Qom, second edition, 1413/1992-93.
  • Ibn ʿĀshūr, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Tafsīr al-taḥrīr wa l-tanwīr al-maʿrūf bi-tafsīr Ibn ʿĀshūr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Tārīkh al-ʿArabī, first edition, 1420/1999-2000.
  • Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Muhadhdhab. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Qom, first edition, 1406/1985-86.
  • Jawādī Āmulī, ʿAbd Allāh. Tasnīm: Tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i karīm. Edited by Rūḥ Allāh Rizqī. Qom: Isrāʾ, first edition, 1393 SH/2014-15.
  • Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i ahl al-bayt (a). Supervised by Sayyid Maḥmūd Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Qom: Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, 1382 SH/2003-4.
  • Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Jaʿfar b. Ḥasan. Al-Mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Dīniyya, sixth edition, 1418/1997-98.
  • Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā, and Aḥmad Pākatchī. "Ibn al-Sabīl". In Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i buzurg-i Islāmī. Supervised by Muḥammad Kāẓim Mūsawī Bujnūrdī. Tehran: Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, 1369 SH/1990-91.
  • Al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Edited by ʿAbbās Qūchānī and ʿAlī Ākhūndī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, seventh edition, 1367 SH/1988-89.
  • Al-Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī. Al-Rawḍa al-bahiyya fī sharḥ al-lumʿa al-dimashqiyya. Qom: Kitābfurūshī-yi Dāwarī, first edition, 1410/1989-90.
  • Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Al-Durr al-manthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, first edition, 1403/1982-83.
  • Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. Al-Nihāya. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, second edition, 1400/1979-80.
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