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Draft:Tawatur-i Ma'nawi

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Tawatur-i Ma'nawi (thematic tawatur) is contrasted with Tawatur-i Lafzi (verbal tawatur)[1] and refers to reports by a number of narrators regarding a specific event or matter using various wordings but with an identical meaning and theme,[2] such that the frequency of reports leads to knowledge and certainty regarding the shared content.[3] The difference in wording in thematic tawatur sometimes occurs in the narration of a single event, such as reports of Imam Ali's (a) prowess in the Battle of Uhud, and sometimes across several events, such as different narrations regarding Imam Ali's (a) courage in numerous battles.[4]

Regarding the difference between thematic tawatur and verbal tawatur, it is said that in Tawatur-i Lafzi, reporters convey a theme using identical words and phrases, such as the Prophetic hadith "Indeed, actions are [judged] by intentions" or the "[Whomever I am his master, this Ali is his master]", whereas in thematic tawatur, a shared theme is narrated with various phrases and words.[5]

According to jurists, in thematic tawatur, multiple reports share a partial (tadammuni)[6] or necessitated (iltizami)[7] signification (meaning); however, their literal (mutabiqi)[8] indication is not identical, such as the various reports narrated about the generosity of Hatim al-Ta'i.[9]

Tawatur in the terminology of the science of principles and Hadith studies refers to a frequency of narrators and reporters of an event such that normally the possibility of their collusion and coordination for lying does not exist.[10] Some, such as Sahib al-Ma'alim and Sahib al-Fusul, have defined mutawatir as: a report and news from a number of narrators that by itself yields certainty of its correctness.[11]

al-Shahid al-Thani maintains that reports related to the roots of faith such as the obligation of daily prayers, the number of their rak'as, and the obligation of Zakat and Khums, are thematic mutawatir.[12]

Other reports and hadiths whose shared meaning is considered thematic mutawatir include:

  • Reports indicating the courage of Imam Ali (a).[13] Numerous reports with different wordings have been narrated regarding the participation of Imam Ali (a) in various battles and his heroics, the theme of all of which indicates his bravery in a mutawatir manner.[14] According to al-Shahid al-Thani, although each individual report indicating Imam Ali's (a) courage is a single report, their shared commonality is considered mutawatir.[15]
  • Reports that introduce presenting traditions to the Qur'an as one of the criteria for their correctness.[16]
  • Reports indicating the generosity of Hatim al-Ta'i.[17]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ See: Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.
  2. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, al-Ri'āya fī 'ilm al-dirāya, 1408 AH, p. 66; 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 187; Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, p. 385; Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 369.
  3. ↑ Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, p. 385; Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.
  4. ↑ Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.
  5. ↑ See: Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.
  6. ↑ Tadammuni (implicatory) indication consists of the word indicating a part of its original meaning, such as the word 'book' indicating a page or a volume. (Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 458)
  7. ↑ Iltizami (entailed) indication consists of the word indicating something outside its original meaning but which is associated with it in the mind; i.e., whenever the original meaning comes to mind, that [other] meaning also arises. For example, the indication of a 'ceiling' toward a 'wall', where whenever the meaning of the ceiling arises in the mind, the meaning of the wall also arises. (Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 456)
  8. ↑ Mutabiqi (literal) indication consists of the word indicating the whole of its original meaning. For example, the indication of the word 'book' toward its entire meaning which includes pages, volume, etc. In this indication, the word and meaning correspond to each other. (Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 460)
  9. ↑ See: 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 187; Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, pp. 385 - 387; Ṣadr, Durūs fī 'ilm al-uṣūl, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, vol. 2, p. 141; Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.
  10. ↑ Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, p. 369; Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 25; Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 368.
  11. ↑ 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 184; Ḥā'irī Iṣfahānī, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawiyya, 1404 AH, p. 267.
  12. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, al-Ri'āya, 1408 AH, p. 66.
  13. ↑ See: 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 187; Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, p. 385; Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 369.
  14. ↑ See: 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 187; Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, p. 385; Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, 1389 SH, p. 369.
  15. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, al-Ri'āya fī 'ilm al-dirāya, 1408 AH, p. 66.
  16. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī, Farā'id al-uṣūl, 1419 AH, vol. 1, p. 247.
  17. ↑ See: 'Āmilī, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, p. 187; Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, 1430 AH, vol. 2, pp. 385 - 387; Ṣadr, Durūs fī 'ilm al-uṣūl, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, vol. 2, p. 141; Subḥānī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, p. 35.

References

  • Ḥā'irī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn, al-Fuṣūl al-gharawiyya fī l-uṣūl al-fiqhiyya, Qom, Dār Iḥyā' al-'Ulūm al-Islāmiyya, first edition, 1404 AH.
  • Subḥānī, Ja'far, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh, Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d.
  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. 'Alī, al-Ri'āya fī 'ilm al-dirāya, research and annotation by 'Abd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad 'Alī Baqqāl, Qom, Library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi, second edition, 1408 AH.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā, Farā'id al-uṣūl, Qom, Majma' al-Fikr al-Islāmī, first edition, 1419 AH.
  • Ṣadr, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir, Durūs fī 'ilm al-uṣūl, Qom, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, n.d.
  • Markaz-i Iṭṭilā'āt wa Manābi'-i Islāmī, Farhangnāmih-yi uṣūl-i fiqh, Qom, Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture, first edition, 1389 SH.
  • 'Āmilī, Ḥasan b. Zayn al-Dīn, Ma'ālim al-dīn, Qom, Mu'assisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, n.d.
  • Mīrzā-yi Qummī, Abū l-Qāsim b. Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Qawānīn al-uṣūl, research by Rida Husayn Subh, Qom, Iḥyā' al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1430 AH.
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