Jump to content

Draft:Verse 188 of Sura al-Baqara

Add links
From wikishia

Template:Infobox Verse Verse 188 of Sura al-Baqara (Arabic: آیه ۱۸۸ سوره بقره) forbids people from acquiring illegitimate income, especially bribery. Based on this verse, jurists consider any transaction that leads to the acquisition of haram property (mal ḥarām) as void. "Eating wealth unjustly" (akl māl bi-l-bāṭil) means unjust disposal of others' property, and exegetes have counted property acquired through bribery, usurpation (ghaṣb), gambling, or false oath among its instances.

The topic of "eating wealth unjustly" and the Qur'an's treatment of it also appears in Qur'an 4:29, Qur'an 4:161, and Verse 34 of Sura al-Tawba (Verse of Kanz).

General Points

Verse 188 of Sura al-Baqara forbids people from eating one another's property and acquiring illegitimate income, especially bribery.[1] Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya, a Shi'a exegete, considered the content of this verse as an indication of Islam's confirmation of private ownership,[2] and according to him, based on this verse, jurists consider any transaction that leads to the acquisition of haram property as void.[3] Also, in Tafsir-i Nimuna, it is stated that jurists have considered contracts that do not have a correct purpose and lack a rational basis to be covered by this verse.[4]

Verse 188 of Sura al-Baqara is counted among the Madani verses,[5] and some exegetes believe that this verse is related to the verses preceding it (verses 182-187) which are regarding fasting; because in the previous verses, eating and drinking are forbidden for the sake of performing divine worship, and this verse forbids eating people's property unjustly, which is also a type of fasting, God-wariness (taqwā), and self-discipline.[6] The subject of "eating wealth unjustly" also appears in Qur'an 4:29, Qur'an 4:161, and Verse 34 of Sura al-Tawba.[7]

According to al-Wahidi in Asbab nuzul al-Qur'an, this verse was revealed regarding a dispute between two of the Companions of the Prophet (s) over the ownership of a land, which was settled by the judgment of the Prophet Muhammad (s).[8]

And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it [in bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you [to] consume a portion of the wealth of the people in sin, while you know [it is unlawful].

— «وَ لَا تَأْکُلُوا أَمْوَالَکُمْ بَیْنَکُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَ تُدْلُوا بِهَا إِلَی الْحُکَّامِ لِتَأْکُلُوا فَرِیقًا مِنْ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ بِالْإِثْمِ وَ أَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ»

Prohibition of Unjust Disposal of Others' Property

"Eating wealth unjustly" (akl māl bi-l-bāṭil) means taking possession and unjust disposal of others' property,[9] and numerous interpretations have been stated for it;[10] among them, it is said that the meaning is utilizing property acquired through bribery, usurpation (ghaṣb), betrayal of trust, gambling, or false oath;[11] a group of exegetes considered the concept of "eating wealth unjustly" to be general and counted each of these cases as an instance of it.[12]

The word "tudlū" (تُدْلوا) comes from the root "idlāʾ" (إدلاء), meaning to hang a bucket into a well to draw out water.[13] According to exegetes, the word "tudlū" metaphorically refers to giving a bribe and attempting to attract the judge's opinion in one's favor—like drawing water from a well.[14] Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli believes that someone who receives property through bribery is like a person standing at the edge of a cesspool who throws a bucket into it to draw out sludge and filth. The bribe-giver, by paying the bribe which is likened to the bucket, draws out a void and sludge-stained verdict from within the polluted soul of the judge and pours it into his own soul.[15] Another meaning stated for the phrase "tudlū bihā ilā l-ḥukkām" is: do not take financial matters to the judge for misuse; such as holding a trust and, due to the absence of a witness, appropriating it unjustly through the judge's ruling.[16]

In this verse, "ḥukkām" (rulers) has been interpreted as judges.[17] Based on a study, most jurists consider the title of "bribery" (rishwa) to be specific to the context of judiciary.[18] Nevertheless, they have also considered unjust payments outside the context of judgment to be haram and have based it on general arguments such as the prohibition of "eating wealth unjustly".[19]

The meaning of "antum taʿlamūn" (while you know) is depicted as: when you know this act is ugly and haram, you should not do it;[20] thus, sinning with knowledge of its ugliness is considered a greater sin.[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Juzayy, Al-Tashīl li-ʿulūm al-tanzīl, 1416 AH, vol. 1, p. 112.
  2. ↑ Mughniyya, Tafsīr al-kāshif, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 291.
  3. ↑ Mughniyya, Tafsīr al-kāshif, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 291.
  4. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 4.
  5. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 1, p. 111.
  6. ↑ Quṭb, Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 176.
  7. ↑ ʿAliyān-Nizhādī, Bāzāryābī-yi shabakaʾī yā kulāhbardārī-yi marmūz, 1389 Sh, p. 43.
  8. ↑ Wāḥidī, Asbāb nuzūl al-Qurʾān, 1411 AH, p. 55.
  9. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 51; Faḍlallāh, Min waḥy al-Qurʾān, 1419 AH, vol. 4, p. 53.
  10. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 3; Ṭayyib, Aṭyab al-bayān, 1378 Sh, vol. 2, p. 344.
  11. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 2, p. 138.
  12. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 2, p. 506; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 53; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 3.
  13. ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Al-Mufradāt, 1412 AH, p. 317; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 52.
  14. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 52; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 5.
  15. ↑ Jawādī Āmulī, Tafsīr-i Tasnīm, vol. 9, p. 507.
  16. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 5.
  17. ↑ ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, 1380 Sh, vol. 1, p. 85.
  18. ↑ Raḥīmī & Sulaymānī, "Barrasī-yi ḥukm wa mabānī-yi fiqhī-yi rishwah dar ghayr-i qaḍāwat", p. 845.
  19. ↑ Raḥīmī & Sulaymānī, "Barrasī-yi ḥukm wa mabānī-yi fiqhī-yi rishwah dar ghayr-i qaḍāwat", p. 845.
  20. ↑ Mughniyya, Tafsīr al-kāshif, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 292; Ṭayyib, Aṭyab al-bayān, 1378 Sh, vol. 2, p. 346.
  21. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 2, p. 507; Mughniyya, Tafsīr al-kāshif, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 292.

References

  • ʿAliyān-Nizhādī, Abū l-Qāsim. Bāzāryābī-yi shabakaʾī yā kulāhbardārī-yi marmūz. Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasa-yi Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, 3rd ed., 1384 Sh/2005-06.
  • ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī. Edited by Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran, Al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed., 1380 Sh/2001-02.
  • Faḍlallāh, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Min waḥy al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Malāk, 1st ed., 1419/1998-99.
  • Ibn Juzayy, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Al-Tashīl li-ʿulūm al-tanzīl. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Khālidī. Beirut, Sharīkat Dār al-Arqam b. Abī l-Arqam, 1st ed., 1416/1995-96.
  • Jawādī Āmulī, ʿAbd Allāh. Tafsīr-i Tasnīm. Edited by Ḥasan Wāʿiẓī Muḥammadī & Ḥusayn Ashrafī. Qom, Nashr-i Isrāʾ, 3rd ed., 1388 Sh/2009-10.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh/1995-96.
  • Mughniyya, Muḥammad Jawād. Tafsīr al-kāshif. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1424/2003-04.
  • Quṭb, Sayyid. Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Shurūq, 17th ed., 1412/1991-92.
  • Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān. Edited by Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī. Damascus/Beirut, Dār al-Qalam/Al-Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1st ed., 1412/1991-92.
  • Raḥīmī, Murtaḍā & Sumayya Sulaymānī. "Barrasī-yi ḥukm wa mabānī-yi fiqhī-yi rishwah dar ghayr-i qaḍāwat". in Pazhūhish-hā-yi Fiqhī. Vol. 11, No. 4, Winter 1394 Sh/2016.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417/1996-97.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Introduction by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh/1993-94.
  • Ṭayyib, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Aṭyab al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Intishārāt-i Islām, 2nd ed., 1378 Sh/1999-2000.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Introduction by Shaykh Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr ʿĀmilī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
  • Wāḥidī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-. Asbāb nuzūl al-Qurʾān. Edited by Kamāl Basyūnī Zaghlūl. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed., 1411/1990-91.

Template:Verses of Sura al-Baqara Template:Ayat al-Ahkam

Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Draft:Verse_188_of_Sura_al-Baqara&oldid=202637"