Qur'an 9:29
| Verse's Information | |
|---|---|
| Sura | Sura al-Tawba |
| Verse | 29 |
| Juz' | 10 |
| Page | 191 |
| Content Information | |
| Place of Revelation | Medina |
| Topic | Theological • Jurisprudential • Political |
| About | Jihad against People of the Book • Jizya |
| Others | Jihad • Primary Jihad • Battle of Tabuk • Dar al-Islam • Dar al-Harb |
Qur'an 9:29 or the Verse of Jizya (Arabic: آية الجِزْيَة) is a command to Muslims to fight against the People of the Book until they become Muslims or pay Jizya. Simultaneously with the revelation of this verse, Prophet Muhammad (s) issued the order for war against the Romans, which led to the occurrence of the Battle of Tabuk.
Based on this verse, Muslim jurists consider Primary Jihad against the People of the Book to be obligatory until they pay Jizya. However, according to the fatwa of most Shi'a jurists, the condition for Primary Jihad is the presence of an Infallible Imam.
Exegetes such as Allama Tabataba'i and Nasir Makarim Shirazi have stated in justification of the payment of Jizya by the People of the Book that the benefits of Jizya also reach the People of the Book themselves; because the Islamic government undertakes the duty of protecting the lives and property of the People of the Book in exchange for the payment of Jizya.
Text and Translation
The Verse of Jizya is verse 29 of Qur'an 9, which commands Muslims to fight against the People of the Book until they become Muslims or pay Jizya. This verse has also been called the Verse of Sword (Sayf) or the Verse of Fighting (Qital).[1] The text of the verse is as follows:
﴾قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّىٰ يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَن يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴿
Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Apostle have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection.
Time of Revelation
Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi, quoting Mujahid b. Jabr al-Makhzumi, an exegete of the first/seventh century, considers the revelation of the Verse of Jizya to be simultaneous with the Prophet's (s) order for war against the Romans.[2] According to him, the Battle of Tabuk took place based on this verse.[3]
Jihad and Receiving Jizya from People of the Book
Based on the Verse of Jizya, Muslim exegetes and jurists consider Jihad against the People of the Book to be obligatory, unless they pay Jizya.[4] According to jurists, this ruling concerns the People of the Book who live in Islamic lands.[5]
Reason for Receiving Jizya
According to Allama Tabataba'i, receiving Jizya from the People of the Book is not for the accumulation of wealth by Muslims; rather, Jizya is spent on expenses whose benefits reach the People of the Book themselves, and on this basis, the Islamic Government is obligated to protect the lives and property of the People of the Book.[6] Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 530/1135) also, regarding the etymology of Jizya, considers it to be from the root "ijtiza'" (being sufficient) and points out that the reward for the Jizya of these individuals is their financial and physical security.[7] In Tafsir-i nimuna, it is also stated: The People of the Book enjoy physical and financial security by paying Jizya; but in return, they have no obligation regarding participation in wars, and even if enemies from outside Islamic lands intend to attack them, the Islamic government must defend the People of the Book.[8]
Qur'anic Proof for Primary Jihad and the Principality of War
The Verse of Jizya has been one of the Quranic proofs for Primary Jihad in the view of some Muslim jurists.[9] Based on this verse and other Qur'anic and narrational proofs, some Muslim thinkers have believed in the principality of war regarding the legal and political relations of Islamic countries (termed Dar al-Islam) with other countries (termed Dar al-Kufr or Dar al-Harb), unless peace treaties are concluded.[10] Most Shi'a jurists consider the presence of an Infallible Imam as a condition for the obligation of Primary Jihad and do not accept Primary Jihad in the era of Occultation.[11]
Meaning of Saghirun
Most Muslim exegetes have interpreted the word "ṣāghirūn" (Arabic: صاغرون) in the Verse of Jizya as humiliation and abasement. Based on this interpretation, the final part of the verse means that the People of the Book must pay Jizya with their own hands and in a state of abasement.[12]
Allama Tabataba'i does not accept the view that "saghirun" in the verse means humiliating them. He believes that the meaning of this word is not for Muslims to insult and humiliate the People of the Book; because this action is incompatible with Islamic dignity and tranquility. In his view, "saghirun" means the submission of the People of the Book to the Islamic tradition (such as accepting the law of Jizya) and their surrender to the just Islamic government.[13]
Notes
- ↑ Barzanūnī, "Islām aṣālat-i jang yā aṣālat-i ṣulḥ?", pp. 95, 100.
- ↑ Mujāhid b. Jabr, Tafsīr Mujāhid, vol. 1, p. 276.
- ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 5, p. 34.
- ↑ See: Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, vol. 5, p. 202; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 5, p. 34; Fakhr al-Rāzī, Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, vol. 16, p. 24; Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 21, p. 227.
- ↑ See: Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 21, p. 227.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 9, p. 240.
- ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Mufradāt, vol. 1, p. 195.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 7, p. 357.
- ↑ Hindī, Aḥkām al-ḥarb wa l-salām, pp. 123-124; Barzanūnī, "Islām aṣālat-i jang yā aṣālat-i ṣulḥ?", p. 100; See: Khūʾī, Minhāj al-ṣādiqīn, p. 361; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Ḥāʾirī, Riyāḍ al-masāʾil, vol. 8, p. 35.
- ↑ Zuḥaylī, Āthār al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī, p. 130; Hindī, Aḥkām al-ḥarb wa l-salām, pp. 122-124.
- ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 21, p. 227.
- ↑ See: Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, vol. 5, p. 202; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 5, p. 43; Sāyis, Tafsīr āyāt al-aḥkām, p. 451; Shaḥāta, Tafsīr Qurʾān Karīm, vol. 5, p. 1845; Ṭayyib, Aṭyab al-bayān, vol. 6, p. 206; Karamī, Tafsīr li-kitāb Allāh al-munīr, vol. 4, p. 77.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, vol. 9, p. 242.
References
- Barzanūnī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. "Islām aṣālat-i jang yā aṣālat-i ṣulḥ?". Ḥuqūqī-yi bayn al-milal. No. 33. 1384 Sh.
- Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. Mafātīḥ al-ghayb. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420 AH.
- Hindī, Iḥsān. Aḥkām al-ḥarb wa l-salām fī dawlat al-Islām. Damascus, Dār al-Munīr lil-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1st ed, 1993.
- Karamī, Muḥammad. Tafsīr li-kitāb Allāh al-munīr. Qom, ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed, 1402 AH.
- Khūʾī, Mīrzā Ḥabīb Allāh al-. Minhāj al-ṣādiqīn. n.p, n.p, 1410 AH.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1380 Sh.
- Mujāhid b. Jabr. Tafsīr Mujāhid. From the collection Maṣādir al-tafsīr ʿinda l-sunna. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṭāhir b. Muḥammad al-Sūratī. Islamabad, Majmaʿ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyya, n.d.
- Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Edited by ʿAbbās Qūchānī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 7th ed, 1362 Sh.
- Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
- Sāyis, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Tafsīr āyāt al-aḥkām. Edited by Nājī Ibrāhīm Suwaydān. Beirut, al-Maktabat al-ʿAṣriyya, 1st ed, 1423 AH.
- Shaḥāta, ʿAbd Allāh. Tafsīr Qurʾān Karīm. Cairo, Dār Gharīb lil-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1422 AH.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī Ḥāʾirī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Riyāḍ al-masāʾil. Qom, Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1418 AH.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed, 1417 AH.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1406 AH.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.
- Ṭayyib, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Aṭyab al-bayān. Tehran, Islām, 2nd ed, 1369 Sh.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥabīb Qaṣīr. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
- Zuḥaylī, Wahba Muṣṭafā. Āthār al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī. Damascus, Dār al-Fikr, 4th ed, 1412 AH.