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Qur'an 2:280

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Qur'an 2:280
Verse's Information
Suraal-Baqara (Qur'an 2)
Verse280
Juz'3
Content Information
Cause of
Revelation		The taking of interest by individuals from the Thaqif tribe from Walid b. al-Mughira or the taking of interest by Khalid b. al-Walid from the Thaqif tribe
Place of
Revelation		Medina
TopicJurisprudential-Economic
AboutThe obligation of granting respite to the debtor
Related VersesVerses 278 and 279 of Sura al-Baqara


Qur'an 2:280, known as the Verse of al-Inẓār (the Verse of Respite), is the 280th verse of Sura al-Baqara and one of the jurisprudential verses of the Qur'an.[1] This verse refers to the right of debtors who are in financial hardship.[2] Jurists, citing it, have issued fatwas stating that a debtor who is unable to pay must be granted respite.[3] The verse has also been used to deduce the prohibition of demanding repayment of debt,[4] the prohibition of imprisoning a debtor,[5] and the impermissibility of forcing them to work to pay off the debt.[6][7] It is also determined from the verse "wa an tasaddaqu khayrun lakum" (and if you give [it] as charity, it is better for you) that it is recommended to forgive the debt of a debtor if he is unable to pay.[8] Furthermore, the obligation of repaying the debt when the debtor is able has also been derived from the verse.[9]

In exegetical sources, the occasion of revelation of the verse al-Inzar is considered connected to the preceding verses.[10] In Majma' al-bayan, it is narrated from Imam al-Baqir (a) that Walid b. al-Mughira was a creditor from the Thaqif tribe in the pre-Islamic period and used to take interest. His son Khalid b. al-Walid, after becoming Muslim, intended to demand the wealth; but with the revelation of verses Quran 2:278 and Quran 2:279, he was prohibited from receiving interest.[11] Some exegetes have considered the creditors to be individuals from the Thaqif tribe who, after converting to Islam, demanded their previous interest from the Banu Mughira. However, the Prophet (s) prevented them from receiving it.[12] Since the Banu Mughira were unable to pay the principal debt and requested respite, the verse of al-Inzar was revealed, calling on the creditors to grant respite.[13]

According to a narration from Imam al-Sadiq (a), a mu'sir (insolvent person) is someone who is incapable of providing beyond the essential and basic needs for himself and his family.[14] Some exegetes have also defined mu'sir as someone who is unable to pay his debt due to factors such as poverty or market recession.[15] Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi, a Shi'a scholar (d. 1070/1659-60), believes that if the debtor is only able to provide the essential necessities of life, granting him respite is obligatory.[16] However, if repaying the debt is possible but entails hardship, granting respite is recommended.[17]

In the interpretation of this verse in exegeses, narrations regarding the virtue of granting respite to the debtor are cited.[18] Among them, the Prophet (s) considered leniency towards a debtor who is facing hardship as a cause for answered supplications and the alleviation of difficulties.[19] A narration also states that whoever grants respite to a poor debtor or forgives his debt will be placed under the shade of the Divine Throne on the Day of Judgment.[20]

Notes

  1. ↑ See, for example, Ardabili, Majma' al-Fa'ida wa al-Burhan, 1403 AH, vol. 9, p. 56; Fadil Hindi, Kashf al-Litham, 1416 AH, vol. 10, p. 95; Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1404 AH, vol. 40, p. 166.
  2. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Tafsir-i Nimuna, 1374 SH, vol. 2, p. 377.
  3. ↑ See, for example, Qutb al-Rawandi, Fiqh al-Qur'an, 1405 AH, vol. 1, p. 381; Ardabili, Majma' al-Fa'ida wa al-Burhan, 1403 AH, vol. 9, p. 274; Kazimi, Masalik al-Afham, 1365 SH, vol. 3, p. 66.
  4. ↑ Ardabili, Majma' al-Fa'ida wa al-Burhan, 1403 AH, vol. 9, p. 274; Tabataba'i Ha'iri, al-Manahil, Mu'assisa Al al-Bayt(a), p. 19; Najm-Abadi, al-Qada, 1393 SH, vol. 2, p. 70.
  5. ↑ Ibn Hayyun, Da'a'im al-Islam, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 71; Mirza-yi Qummi, Rasa'il al-Mirza al-Qummi, 1427 AH, vol. 2, p. 636; Musawi Bujnurdi, al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyya, 1419 AH, vol. 7, p. 316.
  6. ↑ Iraqi, Kitab al-Qada, 1421 AH, p. 189; Muhaqqiq Sabziwari, Kifayat al-Ahkam, 1423 AH, vol. 1, p. 575; Tabasi, Huquq-i Zindani wa Mawarid-i Zindan dar Islam, Bustan-i Kitab, p. 418.
  7. ↑ Mu'assisa Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-Fiqh al-Islami, Farhang-i Fiqh, 1387 SH, vol. 1, p. 167.
  8. ↑ See, for example, Al-Usfur al-Bahrani, al-Anwar al-Lawami, Majma' al-Buhuth al-Ilmiyya, vol. 12, p. 305 and 457; Mu'assisa Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-Fiqh al-Islami, Maws'at al-Fiqh al-Islami al-Muqaran, 1432 AH, vol. 1, p. 139.
  9. ↑ Qutb al-Rawandi, Fiqh al-Qur'an, 1405 AH, vol. 1, p. 381.
  10. ↑ See, for example, Tha'labi Nishaburi, al-Kashf wa al-Bayan, 1422 AH, vol. 2, p. 284-286; Ibn al-Jawzi, Zad al-Masir, 1422 AH, vol. 1, p. 248-249; Abu Hayyan, al-Bahr al-Muhit, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 711-716; Khayrkhwah Alawi, "Thaqif", 1382 SH, p. 305.
  11. ↑ Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 673.
  12. ↑ Tha'labi Nishaburi, al-Kashf wa al-Bayan, 1422 AH, vol. 2, p. 284; Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 674; Ibn al-Jawzi, Zad al-Masir, 1422 AH, vol. 1, p. 248; Abu Hayyan, al-Bahr al-Muhit, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 711; Fakhr al-Razi, Mafatih al-Ghayb, 1420 AH, vol. 7, p. 86.
  13. ↑ Tha'labi Nishaburi, al-Kashf wa al-Bayan, 1422 AH, vol. 2, p. 286; Ibn al-Jawzi, Zad al-Masir, 1422 AH, vol. 1, p. 249; Abu Hayyan, al-Bahr al-Muhit, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 716; Khayrkhwah Alawi, "Thaqif", 1382 SH, p. 305.
  14. ↑ Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 675; Tuwaysirkani, La'ali al-Akhbar, 1413 AH, vol. 3, p. 193.
  15. ↑ Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 675; Fakhr al-Razi, Mafatih al-Ghayb, 1420 AH, vol. 7, p. 86.
  16. ↑ Majlisi I, Lawami' Sahibqarani, 1414 AH, vol. 6, p. 57.
  17. ↑ Majlisi I, Lawami' Sahibqarani, 1414 AH, vol. 6, p. 57.
  18. ↑ See, for example, Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Karim, 1420 AH, p. 121; Ayyashi, Tafsir al-Ayyashi, 1380 AH, vol. 1, p. 155; Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 676; Fayd al-Kashani, al-Safi, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 304.
  19. ↑ Tabarani, al-Tafsir al-Kabir, 2008 CE, vol. 1, p. 498; Tha'labi Nishaburi, al-Kashf wa al-Bayan, 1422 AH, vol. 2, p. 288; Maybudi, Kashf al-Asrar, 1371 SH, vol. 1, p. 757.
  20. ↑ Tabrisi, Majma' al-Bayan, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 676.

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