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Draft:Verse 60 of Sura al-Anfal

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Verse 60 of Sura al-Anfal
Verse's Information
Suraal-Anfal (Qur'an 8)
Verse60
Juz'10
Content Information
Place of
Revelation		Medina
TopicMilitary
AboutDefense preparedness of the believers


Qur'an 8:60 enjoins the believers to amass military strength against enemies to the utmost of their capacity.[1] Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei interprets the term "quwwa" (power) as denoting strength across various dimensions, encompassing military, scientific, and organizational capabilities.[2] Nasir Makarem Shirazi regards it as inclusive of any material or spiritual force instrumental in securing victory over the enemy.[3] The commentary Majma' al-bayan identifies "quwwa" with the mobilization of personnel and weaponry, the fortification of strongholds, and the unity of word.[4] In hadith sources, "quwwa" is variously interpreted as weaponry, arrows, shields, and swords,[5] and even the dyeing of gray hair to enhance the imposing appearance of warriors.[6] It is also narrated from Imam al-Sajjad (a) that Prophet Muhammad (s) commanded his companions during one of the battles to dye their beards black so that they might appear more formidable to the polytheists.[7]

A group of Shi'a jurists, citing Qur'an 8:60 and a narration from the Prophet (s) in which he interpreted "quwwa" as "archery," have deduced the legitimacy of archery competitions.[8]

A portion of Qur'an 8:60 on the emblem of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

Scholars such as 'Allama Tabataba'i and Fadil al-Miqdad posit that the objective of augmenting the military power of Muslims is to instill fear in the enemy, thereby safeguarding the rights of the Islamic society and securing its interests.[9] Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei has similarly identified the instilling of fear as a deterrent factor and a primary objective of the verse.[10] Imam Khomeini likewise regarded this verse as jurisprudential evidence for the necessity of preserving the Islamic order (niẓām) and defending the independence of the Islamic Ummah;[11] he further utilized it as a basis for the obligation of establishing an Islamic government during the Age of Occultation.[12] This verse is incorporated into the design of the emblem of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).[13]

Concerning the phrase "and others besides them whom you do not know, [but] Allah knows them," al-Tabrisi outlines four theories in Majma' al-bayan:[14] 1) the Banu Qurayza tribe; 2) the Persians; 3) hypocrites who outwardly profess Islam but inwardly harbor enmity toward it;[15] and 4) the Jinn who remain unseen by humans.[16] 'Allama Tabataba'i maintains that these enemies encompass hypocrites and disbelievers who have not yet actively demonstrated hostility toward Muslims but possess the potential to do so.[17]

According to Tafsir-i nimuna, the concluding segment of the verse refers to the provision of financial resources to bolster Islamic military strength, guaranteeing that its reward will be realized not only in this world but also in the Hereafter.[18] In Al-Mizan, 'Allama Tabataba'i interprets this section as an affirmation of the just recompense for contributions made in the way of God, particularly in Jihad, the full reward for which is manifest in the afterlife.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 114.
  2. ↑ Khamenei, Speech at the "Graduation Ceremony of Imam Hossein University Students".
  3. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 7, p. 222.
  4. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 852.
  5. ↑ Al-Ḥuwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, 1415 AH, vol. 2, pp. 164-165.
  6. ↑ Al-Ḥuwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, 1415 AH, vol. 2, p. 164.
  7. ↑ Al-Baḥrānī, Al-Burhān, vol. 2, p. 706.
  8. ↑ Al-Ṭūsī, Al-Mabsūṭ, 1387 AH, vol. 6, p. 289; Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Al-Sarāʾir, 1410 AH, vol. 3, p. 146; Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Riyāḍ al-masāʾil, 1418 AH, vol. 10, pp. 233–234; Ibn Barrāj, Al-Muhadhdhab, 1406 AH, vol. 1, p. 330.
  9. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 117; Al-Fāḍil al-Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, vol. 1, p. 388.
  10. ↑ Khamenei, Speech at the "Graduation Ceremony of Imam Hossein University Students".
  11. ↑ Imām Khumaynī, Wilāyat-i faqīh, 1423 AH, p. 33.
  12. ↑ Imām Khumaynī, Wilāyat-i faqīh, 1423 AH, p. 33.
  13. ↑ "Arm-i Sipah-i Pasdaran-i Inqilab-i Islami chigunih tarrahi shud?", Defapress.
  14. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 853.
  15. ↑ Al-Fāḍil al-Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, 1425 AH, vol. 1, p. 388.
  16. ↑ Al-Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān, vol. 14, pp. 37–38.
  17. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 116.
  18. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 7, p. 228.
  19. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, pp. 116–117.

References

  • "Arm-i Sipah-i Pasdaran-i Inqilab-i Islami chigunih tarrahi shud?". Defapress Website, published April 22, 2014, accessed November 15, 2023.
  • Al-Baḥrānī, Hāshim b. Sulaymān. Al-Burhān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Muʾassasat al-Biʿtha, n.d.
  • Al-Fāḍil al-Miqdād, Jamāl al-Dīn. Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya, n.d.
  • Al-Ḥuwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī b. Jumʿa. Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn. Edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, 4th ed., 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Muhadhdhab. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1st ed., 1406 AH.
  • Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad b. Manṣūr. Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwā. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 2nd ed., 1410 AH.
  • Imām Khumaynī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh. Wilāyat-i faqīh. Tehran: Muʾassasa-yi Tanẓīm wa Nashr-i Āthār-i Imām Khumaynī, 12th ed., 1423 AH.
  • Khamenei, Sayyid ʿAlī Ḥusaynī. Speech at the "Graduation Ceremony of Imam Hossein University Students" at Imam Hossein University, October 13, 2019.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Riyāḍ al-masāʾil fī taḥqīq al-aḥkām bi-l-dalāʾil. Qom: Muʾassisa Āl al-Bayt (a), 1st ed., 1418 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.
  • Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Kashfī. Tehran: Al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya, 3rd ed., 1387 AH.
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