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Draft:Verse 66 of Sura al-Anfal

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Verse 66 of Sura al-Anfal
Verse's Information
SuraSura al-Anfal (Qur'an 8)
Verse66
Juz'10
TopicMitigation in the ruling of Jihad
Related VersesQur'an 8:65


Qur'an 8:66 introduces a mitigation in the obligation of Jihad for Muslims,[1] establishing that it is obligatory for each Muslim to confront only two adversaries.[2]

According to exegetes, Qur'an 8:65 initially mandated that every Muslim combat ten opponents.[3] However, as this ruling proved arduous for the Muslim community, it was subsequently modified in verse 66, which reduced the obligation, requiring each Muslim to stand against only two combatants.[4]

Prominent Shi'a exegetes, such as al-Tabrisi[5] and 'Allama Tabataba'i,[6] interpret the "weakness" mentioned in this verse as a deficiency in faith, spiritual insight, and martial resolve, rather than a lack of physical strength. They argue that while early Muslims may not have possessed superior physical might, they were endowed with robust faith and certainty. 'Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli, author of Tafsir-i tasnim, posits that the Muslims' growing attachment to worldly affairs contributed to this weakness.[7]

Scholarly opinion among Shi'a jurists is divided regarding the relationship between verses 65 and 66. Some, including Shaykh al-Tusi and Sayyid 'Abd al-A'la Sabzawari, maintain that Qur'an 8:65 was abrogated by Qur'an 8:66.[8] Conversely, others argue that verse 65 remains unabrogated, suggesting instead that the two verses were revealed at different times to address distinct circumstances.[9]

Citing Qur'an 8:66, several Shi'a jurists have deemed resistance against two enemies to be obligatory for every Muslim.[10] Consequently, fleeing from two adversaries on the battlefield constitutes flight from war, which is categorized as one of the major sins.[11] 'Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli further asserts that patience and steadfastness on the battlefield are obligatory for all Muslims.[12]

Notes

  1. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856; Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal.
  2. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 154; Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856; Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal.
  3. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 154; Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856.
  4. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 154; Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856.
  5. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856.
  6. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 123.
  7. ↑ Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal.
  8. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 154; Shūshtarī, Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-lumʿa, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 165; Sabzawārī, Muhadhdhab al-aḥkām, 1413 AH, vol. 15, p. 120.
  9. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 7, p. 238.
  10. ↑ Al-Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, 1363 Sh, vol. 1, p. 280; Ḥāʾirī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Riyāḍ al-masāʾil, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt (a), vol. 1, p. 488; Khūʾī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 370; Tabrīzī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1426 AH, vol. 1, p. 379.
  11. ↑ Al-Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, 1363 Sh, vol. 1, p. 280; Al-ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, 1380 AH, vol. 2, p. 68.
  12. ↑ Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal.

References

  • Al-ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, research by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī, Tehran, Al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed., 1380 AH.
  • Al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ, research by Research Group of Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt (a), Qom, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt (a), 1st ed., 1414 AH.
  • Al-Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm, Tafsīr al-Qummī, research by Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāyirī, Qom, Dār al-Kitāb, 3rd ed., 1363 Sh.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, research by Aḥmad Qaṣīr ʿĀmilī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1st ed., n.d.
  • Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan, Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, research by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī, Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh.
  • Ḥāʾirī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid ʿAlī, Riyāḍ al-masāʾil fī taḥqīq al-aḥkām bi-l-dalāʾil, Qom, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt (a), 1st ed., n.d.
  • Jawādī Āmulī, ʿAbd Allāh, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal, Date of insertion: 25 Khordad 1379 Sh, Date of access: 28 Dey 1404 Sh.
  • Khūʾī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, Qom, Madīnat al-ʿIlm, 1410 AH.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir, Tafsīr-i namūna, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Sabzawārī, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Aʿlā, Muhadhdhab al-aḥkām fī bayān al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām, research by Muʾassasat al-Manār, Qom, Muʾassasat al-Manār, 4th ed., 1413 AH.
  • Shūshtarī, Muḥammad Taqī, Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-lumʿa, Tehran, Kitābfurūshī-yi Ṣadūq, 1st ed., 1406 AH.
  • Tabrīzī, Jawād, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, Qom, Majmaʿ al-Imām al-Mahdī (a), 1st ed., 1426 AH.
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