Draft:Verse of Sukr
 | |
| Verse's Information | |
|---|---|
| Name | Verse of Sukr |
| Sura | Sura al-Nisa' (Qur'an 4) |
| Verse | 43 |
| Juz' | 5 |
| Topic | Certain rulings of Prayer and Tayammum |
Qur'an 4:43, designated as the Verse of Sukr (Arabic: آیة سُکْر, lit. Verse of Intoxication), proscribes the performance of prayer while in a state of intoxication or Janaba (ritual impurity).[1] According to certain exegetes, prayer constitutes a dialogue between the servant and God and necessitates a state of full consciousness; consequently, prayer performed while intoxicated is invalid.[2]
| “ | يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقْرَبُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَأَنْتُمْ سُكَارَىٰ حَتَّىٰ تَعْلَمُوا مَا تَقُولُونَ وَلَا جُنُبًا إِلَّا عَابِرِي سَبِيلٍ حَتَّىٰ تَغْتَسِلُوا ۚ وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ مَرْضَىٰ أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ أَوْ جَاءَ أَحَدٌ مِنْكُمْ مِنَ الْغَائِطِ أَوْ لَامَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا مَاءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا فَامْسَحُوا بِوُجُوهِكُمْ وَأَيْدِيكُمْ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَفُوًّا غَفُورًا
|
” |
| “ | O you who have faith! Do not approach prayer when you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying, nor [enter mosques] in the state of ritual impurity until you have washed yourselves, except while passing through. But if you are sick or on a journey, or any of you has come from the toilet, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then make your ablution on clean ground and wipe your faces and your hands. Indeed Allah is all-excusing, all-forgiving.
|
” |
| — Qur'an 4:43 | ||
Scholars regard this verse as textual evidence supporting the theory of the gradual prohibition of wine.[3] Fayd al-Kashani, an 11th/17th-century Shi'a jurist, posits that this verse was abrogated by Qur'an 2:219 and was revealed prior to the definitive prohibition of intoxicants.[4]
Some Shi'a jurists and exegetes interpret the term "sukara" (Arabic: سُكارى) in the text as intoxication induced by wine, viewing it as a basis for the prohibition of khamr.[5] However, 'Allama Tabataba'i and 'Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli argue that this interpretation is conditional upon the verse having been revealed before Qur'an 2:219.[6] Conversely, al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khu'i, author of al-Bayan, maintains that this verse bears no relation to the jurisprudential ruling regarding the prohibition of wine.[7]
A distinct group of scholars interprets "sukr" as drowsiness or sleepiness.[8] 'Allama Tabataba'i, citing the prohibitions found in Qur'an 16:67 and Qur'an 7:33, argues that restricting the verse to alcohol-induced intoxication contradicts the principle of gradual legislation and the rules of absolute and restricted (iṭlāq and taqyīd); he suggests instead that it may refer to the "drunkenness of sleep,"[9] a view he supports with narrations.[10]
Regarding the phrase "'abiri sabil" (passers-by), some exegetes interpret it as "passing through," specifically referring to the place of prayer. Based on this reading, the verse forbids an intoxicated person from entering a Mosque and prohibits a person in the state of Janaba from remaining in a mosque, permitting them only to pass through without staying.[11]
This verse is classified among the Ayat al-Ahkam and is a primary verse of tayammum.[12] It establishes that if one is unable to perform Ghusl or Wudu, Tayammum serves as the substitute. Some exegetes interpret the closing phrase "afuwwan ghafuran" (All-excusing, All-forgiving) as an indication of the facilitation and easing of the ruling regarding tayammum.[13] The verse outlines specific instances requiring tayammum:
- When the use of water for wudu or ghusl is detrimental to health, such as during illness.
- When sufficient water is unavailable.[14]
Notes
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1371 Sh, vol. 3, p. 395.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1371 Sh, vol. 3, p. 395.
- ↑ See for example: ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 6, p. 117; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 5, p. 71; Jawādī Āmulī, Tafsīr-i tasnīm, 1389 Sh, vol. 19, pp. 32-40.
- ↑ Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, al-Ṣāfī, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 452.
- ↑ See for example: Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn, Īḍāḥ al-fawāʾid, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 511; Ibn Fahd al-Ḥillī, al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ, 1407 AH, vol. 5, p. 77; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 3, p. 80.
- ↑ ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 194 & vol. 4, p. 359; Jawādī Āmulī, Tafsīr-i tasnīm, 1379 Sh, vol. 19, p. 52 & vol. 23, p. 499.
- ↑ Khūʾī, al-Bayān, 1430 AH, p. 334.
- ↑ See for example: Qummī Mashhadī, Kanz al-daqāʾiq, 1368 Sh, vol. 3, p. 412; Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān, 1412 AH, vol. 5, p. 62; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 3, p. 81.
- ↑ ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 195 & vol. 4, pp. 359-361.
- ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 4, pp. 359-361.
- ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1373 Sh, vol. 3, p. 81; Fakhr al-Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 10, pp. 87-88.
- ↑ Astarābādī, Āyāt al-aḥkām, p. 52.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1371 Sh, vol. 3, p. 398.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1371 Sh, vol. 3, pp. 398-400.
References
- Astarābādī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Āyāt al-aḥkām. Tehran: Maktabat al-Maʿrājī, n.d.
- Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. Īḍāḥ al-fawāʾid fī sharḥ mushkilāt al-qawāʿid. Edited by Sayyid Ḥusayn Mūsawī Kirmānī. Qom: Nashr-i Ismāʿīliyān, 1387 AH.
- Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. al-Tafsīr al-kabīr. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420 AH.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad b. Shāh Murtaḍā. Tafsīr al-ṣāfī. Edited by Ḥusayn Aʿlamī. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr, 1415 AH.
- Ibn Fahd al-Ḥillī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ fī sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ. Edited by Mujtabā ʿIrāqī. Qom: Islamic Publication Office, 1407 AH.
- Jawādī Āmulī, ʿAbd Allāh. Tasnīm: Tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i karīm. Qom: Isra' Publication Center, 1379 Sh.
- Khūʾī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim al-. al-Bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: Muʾassasat Iḥyāʾ Āthār al-Imām al-Khūʾī, 1430 AH.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1371 Sh.
- Qummī Mashhadī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Kanz al-daqāʾiq wa baḥr al-gharāʾib. Qom: Dār al-Ghadīr, 1423 AH.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: Islamic Publication Office, 1417 AH.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1412 AH.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.