Qalaqil
Four Quls (Arabic: القَلاقِل) are four Qur'anic suras, al-Kafirun, al-Ikhlas, al-Falaq, and al-Nas, all of which begin with the, "qul" (that is, say).
They are also referred to as Suwar Qul and Dhat al-Qalaqil. According to a hadith from the Prophet (s), known as the Hadith of Dhat al-Qalaqil, the recitation of the Foul Quls is recommended for protection against disasters.
Definition
The Four Quls are four suras of the Qur'an that begin with the imperative verb, "qul", which means "say".[1]
They consist in:
- Al-Kafirun, which begins with "Say, O disbelievers"
- Al-Ikhlas which begins with "Say, He is Allah, [Who is] One"
- Al-Falaq which begins with "Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak"
- And al-Nas which begins with "Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind".[2]
These four suras are also known as "Suwar Qul",[3] "Qalaqil" and "Dhat al-Qalaqil".[4] Sura al-Jinn (Qur'an 72) in the Qur'an begins with "qul" as well,[5] but it is not included among the suras known as "Four Quls".[6]
Virtues and Features
No specific virtue is mentioned in hadiths for the recitation of the Four Quls together. However, there are hadiths according to which the recitation of Qur'an 112 (Sura al-Ikhlas), Qur'an 113 (Sura al-Falaq), and Qur'an 114 (Sura al-Nas), together with Qur'an 1 (Sura al-Hamd),[7] or al-Kursi Verse,[8] is recommended as a protection against dangers. The recitation of the Four Quls and Qur'an 110 (Sura al-Nasr) is also recommended.[9]
The recitation of the Four Quls in the Night Prayer and recommended prayers of the nights of the month of Rajab is also recommended in hadiths.[10] According to a hadith from the Prophet (s), known as the Hadith of Dhat al-Qalaqil, the recitation of these four suras is recommended for one's safety and the safety of one's children and property.[11]
The Exegesis of al-Qalaqil
Ibn Sina wrote an exegesis of three of the Four Quls (that is, Suras of al-Ikhlas, al-Falaq, and al-Nas) in a book known as "Tafsir al-qalaqil". The work has been published as edited by Ihsan Yarshatir in five essays.[12] Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Hasani al-Wa'iz, an exegete of the Qur'an in the seventh/thirteenth century, wrote an exegesis of Qur'anic verses that begin with the imperative verb, "qul", under Balabil al-qalaqil.[13]
Notes
- ↑ Lisānī Fishārakī, Chār qul, p. 657.
- ↑ Ḥarīrī, Farhang-i iṣṭilāhāt-i Qurʾānī, p. 118.
- ↑ Rāmyār, Tārīkh-i Qur'ān, p. 597.
- ↑ Lisānī Fishārakī, Chār qul, p. 657.
- ↑ Qur'an 72:1
- ↑ Lisānī Fishārakī, Chār qul, p. 657.
- ↑ Ḥuwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, vol. 5, p. 705.
- ↑ Ḥuwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, vol. 5, p. 702.
- ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 10, p. 839; Abū l-Futūḥ al-Rāzī, Rawḍ al-Jinān, vol. 20, p. 433; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr, vol. 8, p. 658.
- ↑ Khaṭīb Shirbīnī, Mughnī l-Muḥtāj, vol. 1, p. 221; Dymyāṭī al-Shāfiʿī, Iʿānat al-ṭālibīn, vol. 1, p. 290.
- ↑ Rāwandī, Daʿawāt, p. 85; Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 6, p. 376.
- ↑ Ibn Sīnā, Panj risāla.
- ↑ ʿAlawī Mihr, al-Madkhal ilā tārīkh al-tafsīr wa l-mufassirīn, p. 312-314.
References
- Abū l-Futūḥ al-Rāzī, Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī. Rawḍ al-Jinān wa Rawḥ al-Janān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Jaʿfar Yāḥiqī and Muḥammad Mahdī Naṣiḥ . Mashhad: Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1371 Sh.
- ʿAlawī Mihr, Ḥusayn. Al-Madkhal ilā tārīkh al-tafsīr wa l-mufassirīn. Qom: Markaz Bayn al-Milalī Tarjuma wa Nashr-i al-Muṣṭafā, 1435 AH.
- Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.
- Dymyāṭī al-Shāfiʿī, ʿUthmān b. Muḥammad Shaṭā al-. Iʿānat al-ṭālibīn ʿalā ḥall alfāẓ fatḥ al-muʿīn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1418 AH/1997.
- Ḥallājzāda, Liylā, Jalāl wa nathr-i shikasta-yi muʿāṣir. In Kitāb Māh-i Adabīyyāt 158 (1389 Sh).
- Ḥarīrī, Muḥammad Yūsuf. Farhang-i iṣṭilāhāt-i Qurʾānī. Qom: Ḥijrat, 1384 Sh.
- Ḥusaynī, Maryam. Taṣḥīḥ-i abyātī az ḥadīqa-yi Sanāyī bar asās-i qadīmītarīn nuskha-yi khaṭṭī. In ʿUlūm-i Insānī-yi Dānishgāh-i al-Zahrā Journal 34,35 (1379 Sh).
- Ḥuwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī b. al-Jumʿa al-. Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn. Edited by Ḥāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Qom: 1370 Sh.
- Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn b.ʿAbd Allāh. Panj risāla. Edited by Iḥsān Yārshāṭir. Tehran: Anjuman-i Āthār wa Mafākhir-i Farhangī, 1383 Sh.
- Khaṭīb Shirbīnī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Mughnī l-Muḥtāj ilā maʿrifat maʿānī alfāẓ al-minhāj. Cairo: [n.p], 1377 AH/1958.
- Lisānī Fishārakī, Mūhammad ʿAlī. Chār qul. In Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām. Volume 11.
- Rāmyār, Maḥmūd. Tārīkh-i Qur'ān. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Ilmī wa Farhangī, 1361 Sh.
- Rāwandī, Saʿīd b. Hibat Allāh. Daʿawāt. Qom: Dalīl-i Mā, 1407 AH.
- Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1420 AH/2000.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1406 AH.