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Verses of Nushuz

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Verses of Nushuz
Verse's Information
NameVerses of Nushuz
SuraSura al-Nisa'
Verse34 and 128
Juz'5
Page84 and 99
TopicJurisprudential
AboutNushuz
Related VersesAl-Rijal Qawwamun 'ala l-Nisa Verse


Verses of Nushuz (Arabic: آیات النشوز) are parts of verse 34 and verse 128 of Sura al-Nisa' which deal with Nushuz and its rulings. Nushuz means disobedience to religious duties towards one's spouse. Verse 34 concerns the Nushuz of the wife, and verse 128 concerns the Nushuz of the husband. These verses have been discussed in jurisprudential books in addition to exegetical works.

Relying on verse 34, jurists believe that if a wife is nashiza (disobedient), the husband must first advise her; if that proves ineffective, he should turn his back on her in bed or separate his bed from hers; and if that is still ineffective, he may use light corporal punishment.

According to verse 128, in the case of a husband's Nushuz, the wife can waive some of her rights to establish peace and attract her husband's affection to continue their married life.

Text and Translation

Nushuz is mentioned in verses 34 and 128 of Sura al-Nisa': the former is regarding the Nushuz of women and the latter regarding the Nushuz of men:

Verse 34 of Sura al-Nisa'

﴾... وَاللَّاتِي تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَاهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِي الْمَضَاجِعِ وَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ۖ فَإِنْ أَطَعْنَكُمْ فَلَا تَبْغُوا عَلَيْهِنَّ سَبِيلًا ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيًّا كَبِيرًا﴿
... And those you fear may be rebellious admonish; banish them to their couches, and beat them. If they then obey you, look not for any way against them; God is All-high, All-great.


Quran 4:34


Verse 128 of Sura al-Nisa'

﴾... وَإِنِ امْرَأَةٌ خَافَتْ مِن بَعْلِهَا نُشُوزًا أَوْ إِعْرَاضًا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا أَن يُصْلِحَا بَيْنَهُمَا صُلْحًا ۚ وَالصُّلْحُ خَيْرٌ ۗ وَأُحْضِرَتِ الْأَنفُسُ الشُّحَّ ۚ وَإِن تُحْسِنُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا﴿
If a woman fears rebelliousness or aversion in her husband, there is no fault in them if the couple set things right between them; right settlement is better; and souls are very prone to avarice. If you do good and are godfearing, surely God is aware of the things you do.


Quran 4:128


Occasion of Revelation

An occasion of revelation has been stated for each of the verses 34 and 128 of Sura al-Nisa' as follows:

Occasion of Revelation of Verse 34

According to exegetes, verse 34 of Sura al-Nisa' was revealed concerning one of the companions of the Prophet (s) named Sa'd b. Rabi' and his wife.[1] Sa'd's wife disobeyed him, and Sa'd beat her. Consequently, she went to the Prophet (s) with her father and complained about Sa'd's action. The Prophet (s) ordered Qisas (retaliation), but she forgave him and this verse was revealed.[2]

Occasion of Revelation of Verse 128

Based on a narration cited in Tafsir al-Qummi regarding the occasion of revelation of this verse, Rafi' b. Khadij, a companion of the Prophet (s), had two wives: one elderly and the other young. Due to certain disagreements, he divorced his elderly wife. During her waiting period (ʿidda), he told her: "If you wish, I will reconcile with you, on the condition that if I give preference to my other wife over you, you will not object. If you are willing, I will wait until your waiting period is over and we separate." The woman accepted the first proposal, and they reconciled. Then, this verse was revealed.[3]

Jurisprudential Application

See also: Nushuz

Jurists have utilized the content of verses 34 and 128 of Sura al-Nisa' to articulate the rulings of Nushuz.[4] Nushuz means the failure to perform religious duties towards one's spouse.[5]

Verse 34 discusses the Nushuz of the wife and the husband's duty in response to it. Based on this verse, jurists have issued fatwas stating that in the event of a wife's Nushuz, the husband must advise her in the first stage. If that is ineffective, he should turn his back on her in bed or separate his bed from hers. If this method is also not effective, he may use light corporal punishment.[6]

It has been stated that the husband may use corporal punishment only after admonition and separation in bed, and only if he fears his wife's licentiousness. This ruling is not obligatory; the husband can tolerate the situation or divorce the wife in the event of any illegitimate occurrence.[7]

Verse 128 relates to the Nushuz of men. Relying on this verse, jurists have stated that if a woman sees signs of Nushuz in her husband, she can advise him and waive some of her rights to establish peace between herself and her husband and to generate affection in him for the continuation of their married life, thereby preventing Divorce.[8]

Meaning of the Word Darb

Main article: Corporal punishment of women

According to the view of Shi'a and Sunni exegetes and jurists, "ḍarb" (Arabic: ضَرب) in verse 34 of Sura al-Nisa' means beating.[9] However, conditions and limits have been set for this beating, including that it must be solely for the purpose of reform and free from any kind of revenge,[10] and it must be light.[11] Nevertheless, Ayatollah Ma'rifat, a Quranic scholar, relying on evidence such as the corporal punishment of women with a Miswak (siwāk), the prohibition of hitting women, and the recommendation to preserve their dignity, believes that this verse has been abrogated.[12] In his view, the method of "preparatory abrogation" (al-naskh al-tamhīdī) has been used in this verse.[13] In this method, the Lawgiver prescribes a ruling compatible with society to uproot certain Jahili customs, and then abrogates it through a process.[14]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1408 AH, vol. 3, p. 68.
  2. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 3, p. 189; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1408 AH, vol. 3, p. 68.
  3. ↑ Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, 1404 AH, vol. 1, p. 154.
  4. ↑ For instance, see: Ardabilī, Zubdat al-bayān, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawiyya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfariyya, pp. 536-538; Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 Sh, vol. 31, pp. 205-208; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, 1413 AH, vol. 3, pp. 520-521; Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-afhām, 1413 AH, vol. 8, pp. 355-363.
  5. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, Al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya, 1386 AH, vol. 5, p. 427; Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Al-Mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ, 1410 AH, p. 191.
  6. ↑ For instance, see: Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 Sh, vol. 31, pp. 205-207; Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-afhām, 1413 AH, vol. 8, pp. 356-357.
  7. ↑ Anṣārī, "Taḥqīqī dar-bāray-i maʿnā-yi ḍarb dar āyay-i nushūz", p. 40.
  8. ↑ For instance, see: Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 Sh, vol. 31, pp. 207-208; Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-afhām, 1413 AH, vol. 8, p. 363.
  9. ↑ For instance, see: Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 2, p. 69; Rāzī, Rawḍ al-jinān, 1408 AH, vol. 5, p. 350; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1390 AH, vol. 4, p. 345; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, 1371 Sh, vol. 3, p. 372; Fakhr al-Rāzī, Al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 10, p. 72; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, 1413 AH, vol. 3, p. 521; Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik, 1413 AH, vol. 8, p. 356.
  10. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1362 Sh, vol. 31, p. 207; Khwānsārī, Jāmiʿ al-madārik, 1364 Sh, vol. 4, p. 437; Khumaynī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1390 AH, vol. 2, p. 273.
  11. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Aḥkām-i khāniwāda, 1389 Sh, p. 219.
  12. ↑ Maʿrifat, Shubahāt wa rudūd ḥawl al-Qurʾān al-karīm, 1388 Sh, p. 158.
  13. ↑ Maʿrifat, Shubahāt wa rudūd ḥawl al-Qurʾān al-karīm, 1388 Sh, p. 158.
  14. ↑ Aḥmadī-nizhād, "Maʿnā-shināsī-yi naskh-i tadrījī, mashrūṭ wa tamhīdī az manẓar-i Āyatullāh Maʿrifat", p. 18.

References

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  • Anṣārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. "Taḥqīqī dar-bāray-i maʿnā-yi ḍarb dar āyay-i nushūz". Tarjumān-i waḥy. No. 26. Year 13. 1388 Sh.
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