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Draft:Al-Janna taht aqdam al-ummahat

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al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat
Thuluth calligraphy of "al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat"
Thuluth calligraphy of "al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat"
SubjectStatus of the mother
Issued byAttributed to the Prophet (s)
Shi'a sourcesTafsir Majma' al-bayan
Narrative supportNarrations of "Fa-inna l-jannata tahta rijlayha" and "Fa-inna l-jannata tahta aqdamihima"


Al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt (Arabic: اَلْجَنَّةُ تَحْتَ أَقْدَامِ الْأُمَّهَات, meaning: Paradise is under the feet of mothers) is a famous tradition attributed to the Prophet (s) that underscores the exalted status of mothers within Islam. According to this narration, showing humility toward one's mother and seeking her satisfaction are regarded as prerequisites for entering Paradise. The phrase has also been interpreted to mean that a mother who raises her child righteously guides them toward Paradise. The association of such a profound concept with mothers is often ascribed to the immense hardships they endure from the period of pregnancy through the child's upbringing.

Among Sunni traditionists, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Dulabi (d. 310/922-23) is credited as the first to record the specific phrasing "al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat" from the Messenger of Allah (s). The Shi'a exegete Al-Tabrisi (d. 548/1153-54) also cites this statement, attributing it to Ahl al-Sunna sources. Although some scholars have classified this specific narration as a weak tradition, its core content is corroborated by numerous other traditions.

Concept and Status

Ayatollah Khamenei

The fact that it says in a narration that "al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt," "under the feet" is a metaphorical expression; "Paradise is under the feet of the mother" means it is at the mother's disposal. If you want Paradise, go to the mother... be affectionate to her, be kind to her, serve her, obey her, respect her, and she will give Paradise to you.[1]

Al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat (Paradise is under the feet of mothers) is a renowned statement[2] attributed to Prophet Muhammad (s)[3] which serves as a testament to the high station of the mother in Islam.[4] In his exposition of this tradition, 'Allama Majlisi identifies the mother as a distinct pathway to Paradise.[5] It is further posited that humility before one's mother and the act of pleasing her are means of attaining Paradise;[6] consequently, those aspiring to attain Paradise and avoid Hell must secure their mother's pleasure. This is because entry into Paradise is contingent upon the satisfaction of God, and God is not pleased with those whose parents are displeased with them.[7]

Husayn Mazahiri, a Shi'a Marja', has stated that another interpretation of this phrase is that a mother who raises her child well effectively guides them onto the path of Paradise; conversely, neglect or improper upbringing can lead the child toward deviation and Hell.[8]

Nasir Makarim Shirazi, also a Shi'a Marja', attributes the use of such a profound expression regarding mothers to the immense efforts a mother exerts from the period of pregnancy through the child's development.[9]

Similar Hadiths

Various scholars have recorded similar traditions. Among Sunni traditionists, 'Abd al-Razzaq (d. 211/826-27),[10] Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 241/855-56),[11] and al-Nasa'i (d. 303/915-16)[12] have reported such narrations. From among Shi'a scholars, Warram b. Abi Firas (d. 605/1208-09),[13] Fayd Kashani (d. 1091/1680),[14] and Mahdi Naraqi (d. 1209/1794-95)[15] have similarly cited them. These sources recount, with varying wordings, an incident in which a man approached the Prophet (s) to consult him regarding participation in Jihad. The Prophet (s) asked, "Do you have a mother?" When the man replied "Yes," the Prophet (s) commanded: "Fa-l-zam-ha, fa-inna l-jannata tahta rijlayha" (Stay in her service, for Paradise is under her feet). This instruction is generally understood to apply in contexts where there is already sufficient military force for battle.[16]

Other similar expressions appear in both Shi'a and Sunni sources, including "Tahta aqdam al-ummahat rawdatun min riyad al-janna" (Under the feet of mothers is a garden among the gardens of Paradise),[17] "Fa-inna l-jannata 'inda rijlayha" (For Paradise is at her feet),[18] and "Fa-inna l-jannata tahta aqdamihima" (For Paradise is under their feet).[19]

Authenticity of the Hadith

The Sunni traditionist Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Dulabi (d. 310/922-23) is considered the first to have recorded the exact phrase "al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat" in his work al-Kuna wa l-asma,[20] narrating it on the authority of Anas b. Malik from the Prophet (s).[21] Al-Jurjani (d. 365/975-76), a scholar of Sunni Rijal, also cited this statement in al-Kamil fi du'afa' al-rijal, identifying one of its narrators, Musa b. Muhammad b. 'Ata, as munkar (rejected)[22] and a "thief of hadith" (plagiarist).[23] In Shi'a sources, Al-Tabrisi (d. 548/1153-54) quoted the statement in Majma' al-bayan[24] as being from the Ahl al-Sunna. According to Mirza Husayn Nuri, Qutb al-Rawandi (d. 573/1177-78) also reported it in the treatise Lubb al-albab from the Prophet (s).[25]

Researchers note that while this specific wording is technically classified as a weak tradition, its semantic content is corroborated by other narrations;[26] thus, it is widely regarded as a narration transmitted by meaning (naql bi-l-ma'na) derived from authentic traditions.[27]

Calligraphy of "al-Janna tahta aqdam al-ummahat"

Notes

  1. ↑ "Statements in a meeting with various groups of women", Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  2. ↑ Rastigār and Raḥmatpanāh, "Barrasī-yi sakhun-i al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt", p. 130.
  3. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 8, p. 431; Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 15, p. 180.
  4. ↑ Rayshahrī et al., Ḥikmat-nāma-yi Payambar-i A'ẓam (s), 1387 Sh, vol. 1, p. 79.
  5. ↑ Majlisī, Malādh al-akhyār, 1406 AH, vol. 9, p. 19.
  6. ↑ Zayn al-Dīn, Fayḍ al-Qadīr, 1356 AH, vol. 3, p. 361.
  7. ↑ Quḍā'ī, Sharḥ-i fārsī-yi Shihāb al-akhbār, 1361 Sh, p. 42.
  8. ↑ Maẓāhirī, Akhlāq va Javān, 1387 Sh, vol. 1, p. 65.
  9. ↑ "Why is Paradise under the feet of mothers?", Website of the Office of Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi.
  10. ↑ 'Abd al-Razzāq, al-Muṣannaf, 1437 AH, vol. 5, pp. 176, 443.
  11. ↑ Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, al-Musnad, 1421 AH, vol. 24, p. 299.
  12. ↑ Nasā'ī, Sunan al-Nasā'ī, 1348 AH, vol. 6, p. 11.
  13. ↑ Warrām b. Abī Firās, Majmū'at Warrām, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 284.
  14. ↑ Fayḍ Kāshānī, al-Maḥajja al-bayḍā, 1417 AH, vol. 3, p. 437.
  15. ↑ Narāqī, Jāmi' al-sa'ādāt, Nashr al-A'lamī, vol. 2, p. 275.
  16. ↑ "Statements of the Supreme Leader in a meeting with various groups of women", Information Base of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei.
  17. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 15, p. 181.
  18. ↑ Ibn al-Bayyi', al-Mustadrak 'ala l-Ṣaḥīḥayn, 1411 AH, vol. 4, p. 167.
  19. ↑ Haythamī, Majma' al-zawā'id, 1414 AH, vol. 8, p. 138.
  20. ↑ Dūlābī al-Rāzī, al-Kunā wa l-asmā, 1421 AH, vol. 3, p. 1091.
  21. ↑ Rastigār and Raḥmatpanāh, "Barrasī-yi sakhun-i al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt", p. 131.
  22. ↑ Scholars of 'Ilm al-Rijāl use the term Munkar al-Ḥadīth for the disparagement (jarḥ) of a narrator and the weakness of their narrations. (Ammārlū et al., "Ta'yīn-i gustara-yi munkar al-ḥadīth dar dānish-i jarḥ va ta'dīl", p. 221.)
  23. ↑ Jurjānī, al-Kāmil fī du'afā' al-rijāl, 1418 AH, vol. 8, p. 64.
  24. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 8, p. 431.
  25. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 15, p. 180.
  26. ↑ "Hadith al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt", Website of Dār al-Iftā' al-Miṣriyya.
  27. ↑ Rastigār and Raḥmatpanāh, "Barrasī-yi sakhun-i al-Janna taḥta aqdām al-ummahāt", p. 140.

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