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Asma b. Kharija al-Fazari

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Asma' b. Kharija
Personal Information
Full NameAsma' b. Kharija b. Hisn b. Hudhayfa b. Badr al-Fazari al-Kufi
TeknonymAbu Hassan • Abu Muhammad • Abu Hind
LineageBanu Fazara
Well-Known RelativesSons-in-law: Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, Bishr b. Marwan, Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi • Prominent children: Hassan, Malik, Hind • Prominent descendants: Abu Ishaq al-Fazari, Muhammad Dhu l-Shama.
Muhajir/AnsarTabi'i
Place(s) of ResidenceKufa
Religious Information
Known forCollaboration with Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in the Event of Karbala
Other ActivitiesTestifying against Hujr b. Adi, Persuading Hani b. Urwa to go to the governor's palace, introducing some Shi'as of Imam Ali (a) to al-Hajjaj


Asmāʾ b. Khārija al-Fazārī (Arabic: أسماء بن خارجة الفزاري) (d. 82/701-2) was a politically influential figure in Kufa, especially in the events leading up to the Event of Karbala. He was the chief of the Banu Fazara tribe. Asma' was present in the army of Imam Ali (a) in the Battle of Siffin; however, afterwards, he was constantly present in the court of the Umayyad governors of Kufa. He was an advisor to, and his daughter was the wife of, three governors of Kufa (Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, Bishr b. Marwan, and al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi).

Asma' collaborated with Ibn Ziyad in summoning Hani b. Urwa to the governor's palace and in the martyrdom of Muslim b. Aqil. In Karbala, he saved al-Hasan al-Muthanna due to family ties.

He also introduced some rebels against Uthman b. Affan and prominent Shi'as like Kumayl b. Ziyad to al-Hajjaj.

Role in Early Islamic Events

Asma' b. Kharija was a Tabi'i,[1] and the chief of the Banu Fazara tribe in Kufa.[2] He played a role in various events of early Islam.

Hind, the daughter of Asma', married three governors of Kufa: Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad,[3] Bishr b. Marwan b. al-Hakam, and al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.[4] However, al-Hajjaj divorced her because she expressed affection for Ibn Ziyad (her former husband).[5] Asma' was called Abu Hassan,[6] Abu Muhammad,[7] and Abu Hind[8] after the names of his children.

Asma' was a narrator of hadith,[9] and individuals such as his son Malik and Ali b. Rabi'a narrated hadith from him.[10]

Regarding the date of Asma's death, various reports are stating that he died in the years 60/680,[11] 65/685,[12] 66/686,[13] or 82/702.[14] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449), based on his death at the age of 80 in the year 60 AH, considered his birth to be before the Prophetic Mission.[15]

Testimony Against Hujr b. Adi

Asma' was in Imam Ali's (a) army in the Battle of Siffin.[16] However, later on, he was among those who testified against Hujr b. Adi (martyred 51/671) at the request of Ziyad b. Abih,[17] following which, Hujr was arrested and martyred.[18] Some sources mention that he later regretted this action.[19]

Role in the Event of Karbala

According to historical sources, Asma' b. Kharija played a role in the events of the Event of Karbala:

Dispersing People from Muslim b. Aqil

In the year 60/680, when Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad became the governor of Kufa, Asma' married his daughter to him.[20] He was present in the governor's palace and collaborated with Ibn Ziyad.[21] Ubayd Allah implemented his main plan, which was to create fear and control the city, through Asma' and a few others like Kathir b. Shihab, [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath, and Qa'qa' b. Suwayd al-Minqari.[22] Ubayd Allah ordered these individuals to disperse among the people of Kufa, call them to obedience, and frighten them from accompanying Muslim b. Aqil, Imam al-Husayn's (a) emissary to Kufa, and participating in the revolt.[23]

Collaboration in Arresting Hani b. Urwa

When Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad intended to summon Hani b. Urwa to the governor's palace and demand Muslim b. Aqil from him, and kill him if he refused, he sent Asma' b. Kharija and Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath after him.[24] In some sources, the names of Amr b. al-Hajjaj al-Zubaydi and Hassan, son of Asma', are also mentioned in this event.[25]

Ibn Qutayba and al-Tabari have referred to a report that Asma' b. Kharija was unaware of Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's intention.[26] He initially tried to get a guarantee of safety for Hani from Ubayd Allah,[27] and upon seeing Hani being beaten and imprisoned by Ubayd Allah, he protested and was detained.[28] Some, like Ali Namazi Shahrudi, believe that the person who was unaware and protested against Ubayd Allah was Hassan, the son of Asma'.[29]

Saving Hasan al-Muthanna on the Day of Ashura

According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Muhammad Taqi Shushtari, Asma' b. Kharija did not fight in Army of Umar b. Sa'd against Imam al-Husayn (a). He only arrived in Karbala after the battle on the Day of Ashura and, seeing al-Hasan al-Muthanna wounded, saved his life because of his tribal relation to Hasan's mother.[30]

Asma' on Mukhtar's Revenge List

When Ubayd Allah imprisoned al-Mukhtar b. Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi and swore to kill him, Asma' b. Kharija and Urwa b. al-Mughira visited Mukhtar in prison and warned him against provocative actions against Ubayd Allah.[31] However, after Mukhtar took control of Kufa, when he spoke of taking revenge on the perpetrators of the Event of Karbala, he named Asma' and threatened him. Therefore, Asma' fled from Kufa[32] and did not return until Mukhtar's defeat.[33] Mukhtar also demolished the houses of Asma' and his cousins.[34]

Collaboration with Kufa Governors and Identifying Shi'as

After al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi began his governorship of Kufa (75/692), Asma' became the father-in-law of the new governor as well[35] and frequented the governor's palace.[36] During the governorship of Abd Allah b. Muti', who ruled Kufa on behalf of Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr (d. 73/690), Asma' b. Kharija was also present in the governor's palace and was consulted by the governor.[37]

Al-Tabari writes that when al-Hajjaj was searching for, arresting, and executing the rebels against Uthman b. Affan and the Shi'as of Imam Ali (a), Asma' introduced some rebels and prominent Shi'as like Kumayl b. Ziyad to al-Hajjaj.[38]

Also, during the Caliphate of Abd al-Malik b. Marwan (r. 65-86/685-705) and when Abd al-Malik's brother, Bishr b. Marwan became the governor of Kufa, Asma' married his daughter to Bishr[39] and was consulted by him in appointing al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra to fight the Azariqa Kharijites.[40]

Descendants

Some of Asma' b. Kharija's descendants became hadith narrators. Muhammad, the son of Umm Habib (daughter of Asma' b. Kharija),[41] Ibrahim b. Muhammad b. Harith b. Asma' b. Kharija, known as Abu Ishaq al-Fazari,[42] and Abu Abd Allah Marwan b. Mu'awiya b. Harith b. Asma' (Ibrahim's cousin)[43] are among his descendants who are considered Sunni hadith narrators.

Also, the mother of Muhammad Dhu l-Shama, who became the governor of Kufa on behalf of Maslama b. Abd al-Malik (102/720), was one of Asma' b. Kharija's daughters.[44]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 1, p. 305.
  2. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 13, p. 173; Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, p. 257.
  3. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 380; vol. 12, p. 23.
  4. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, p. 443.
  5. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 8, pp. 96–97.
  6. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 13, p. 173.
  7. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 72.
  8. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 72.
  9. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 72.
  10. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 72.
  11. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 339.
  12. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, vol. 10, p. 213; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 50.
  13. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 1, p. 305; vol. 2, p. 293.
  14. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 43.
  15. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 339.
  16. ↑ Madanī, al-Darajāt al-rafīʿa, p. 270.
  17. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 254.
  18. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 231.
  19. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 270.
  20. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 380; vol. 12, p. 23.
  21. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 178.
  22. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 178.
  23. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 178.
  24. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 80.
  25. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, pp. 44, 46; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 365.
  26. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, pp. 236–237; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 365.
  27. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 360.
  28. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 48; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 367.
  29. ↑ Namāzī Shāhrūdī, Mustadrakāt ʿilm rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 2, p. 329.
  30. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 25; Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 11, p. 39.
  31. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 385.
  32. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 6, pp. 410–411.
  33. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 303.
  34. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 6, p. 254.
  35. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, p. 443.
  36. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 7, p. 82.
  37. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 6, p. 31.
  38. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 404.
  39. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, p. 443.
  40. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 7, p. 421; Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 6, p. 366; Ibn Qutayba, Al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa, vol. 2, p. 109.
  41. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 5, p. 125.
  42. ↑ Shabistarī, al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), vol. 1, p. 60.
  43. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 7, p. 238; Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, pp. 257–258.
  44. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 9, p. 346.

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