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Sayyid Ali Husayni Khamenei

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Sayyid Ali Husayni Khamenei
Personal Information
Full NameSayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei
EpithetThe Martyr Leader
Well-Known AsAyatollah Khamenei
BirthApril 19, 1939
Place of BirthMashhad
DeathFebruary 28, 2026
Scholarly Information
ProfessorsSayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani, Ayatollah Burujirdi, Imam Khomeini
WorksChahar kitab-i asli-yi ilm-i rijal, Tarh-i kulli-yi andishi-yi Islami, Pishwa-yi Sadiq, Az zharfa-yi namaz, ...
Socio-Political Activities
Socio-Political
Activities		Member of the parliament, leader of the Friday prayer of Tehran, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Official WebsiteKhemenei.ir


Sayyid 'Ali Ḥusaynī Khāmina'ī (1939 – 2026), known as "The Martyr Leader" and "Imam Khamenei", was the second Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran and a Marja' for Shia Muslims worldwide. Before the Islamic Revolution of Iran, he was active in opposing the Pahlavi regime and spent time in prison and in exile for his revolutionary activities. After the revolution, he held various positions, including two terms as president (1981–1989), a short period in the Iranian Parliament, and Imam of Friday prayer in Tehran. In 1989, he was elected as the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran and remained in this position until his martyrdom in February 2026.

Ayatollah Khamenei held distinct jurisprudential and political views, including the prohibition of Qama-zani (self-flagellation), the prohibition of insulting Sunni sanctities, opposition to the use of nuclear weapons, support for the Resistance Front, confronting cultural invasion, and advocating for a resistance economy. Regarding the Palestinian issue, he proposed a referendum as the solution. He viewed jihad beyond its military dimension and emphasized the necessity of "Jihad of Clarification".

He had a deep interest in literature and contemporary history and composed poetry under the pen name "Amīn." His works include An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran, A 250-Year-Old Person, Ghina', and Palestine. He began his religious studies in childhood and studied and taught in the seminaries of Mashhad, Najaf, and Qom, studying under scholars such as Imam Khomeini and 'Allama Tabataba'i.

During his leadership, Ayatollah Khamenei annually sent messages to the Hajj pilgrimage, emphasized the unity of Muslims, strengthened the Axis of Resistance, directed Iran's foreign and military policies, established and supported research and educational institutions in the seminary system, and promoted Islamic culture. He also designated the themes of the Iranian calendar years and issued the Second Step Declaration to outline the future direction of the Islamic system.

Ayatollah Khamenei was martyred on the morning of Saturday, 10 Ramadan 1447/28 February 2026 CE, as a result of American and Israeli missile strikes on the Leader's compound.

Life and Family

Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei beside his father
Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei sitting next to his father, Ayatollah Sayyid Jawad Khamenei in their house in Mashhad, Iran.

Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei was born on 28 Safar 1358/19 April 1939 in Mashhad.[1] His father, Sayyid Jawad Khamene'i (d. 1986), was a mujtahid and a graduate of the Najaf Seminary,[2] and taught religious sciences and led the congregational prayers at the Siddiqi-ha Mosque (the Azerbaijaniha Mosque) in the bazaar of Mashhad.[3] He was also one of the prayer leaders of the Goharshad Mosque.[4]

Ayatollah Khamenei's lineage traces back to the Aftasi Sayyids and to Sultan Sayyid Ahmad, who is five generations removed from Imam al-Sajjad (a).[5] Imamzada Muhammad, buried in Tafrish[6], is one of his ancestors.[7]

Sayyid Husayn Khamenei (d. 1325/1907), a pro-constitution scholar and father-in-law of Muhammad Khiyabani, was his grandfather.[8] Sayyid Muhammad Khamenei (d. 1353/1934), known as "Payghambar" (the prophet) and a pro-constitution scholar, was his paternal uncle.[9]

Ayatollah Khamenei's lineage on his mother's side reaches Muhammad al-Dibaj, son of Imam al-Sadiq (a).[10] His mother, Khadija Mirdamadi (d. 1368/1989), was the daughter of Sayyid Hashim Mirdamadi Najafabadi (d. 1380/1960).[11]

Martyrdom

Main article: Assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei
No one knows in what state they will end up

Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei: ...One of our fundamental problems is the issue of death. Imam al-Sajjad (a) says to God: "Grant us death while we are guided, not misguided; obedient, not coerced, not rebellious." A person may have been on the path of guidance their entire life, but still the Imam prays: "Grant us death while we are guided, not misguided; obedient, not coerced, not rebellious." This shows how perilous it is. The decree of concealment and intoxication hinges on the outcome No one knows in what state they will end up.

[12]

Ayatollah Khamenei was assassinated on 28 February 2026 during the joint missile attack by the United States and Israel on the Leader's compound in Iran, and was martyred along with several family members and office staff. The assassination was met with widespread condemnation from Maraji in the seminaries of Najaf and Qom, with some, including Nuri Hamadani and Jawadi Amuli, issuing statements declaring jihad against the United States and Israel as a religious obligation. Following the event, the Assembly of Experts elected Sayyid Mujtaba Khamenei as the third Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Simultaneously, Iran's armed forces, in Operation True Promise 4, targeted positions in the occupied territories and American bases in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The event led to widespread protests and rallies in various cities across Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Yemen, and a number of other countries.

Previously, during the Twelve-Day War between the Israeli regime and Iran in 2025, Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu had threatened to assassinate him. Following these threats, some Shia Marja' declared any regime that attacks the Islamic Umma or its leadership as a muḥārib (one who wages war against God).[13] Gatherings were held in the seminaries of Najaf and Qom,[14] and in a statement from the Najaf Seminary, it was declared that any aggression against the Leader of Iran would be considered a declaration of war against Muslims and a betrayal of the values of monotheistic civilization.[15]

Failed Assassination Attempt in 1981

On June 27, 1981, during a speech at Abu Dhar Mosque in Tehran, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was severely injured in an assassination attempt when a bomb concealed in an audio recorder exploded.[16] He sustained severe injuries to his chest, shoulder, and right hand, resulting in permanent impairment of his right hand's function.[17] The attack was initially attributed to the Furqan Group,[18] while other sources hold the People's Mujahedin Organization (MEK) responsible.[19]

Imam Khomeini issued a message condemning the attack and praising Khamenei.[20] Khamenei was discharged from the hospital on August 9, 1981, resumed his social and political duties, and returned to parliamentary sessions on August 17, 1981.

Funeral of Ayatollah Khamenei

Main article: Funeral of Ayatollah Khamenei
A view of the funeral of Ayatollah Khamenei in Karbala

The funeral ceremonies were held with the widespread presence of people and officials from Iran and several other countries on July 6 in Tehran, July 7 in Qom, July 8 in Najaf and Karbala, and July 9 in Mashhad.[21] At dawn on July 10, 2026, the body of Iran's Supreme Leader, along with members of his family, was buried in the Dar al-Dhikr Porch of the Imam Reza Shrine.[22] According to reports, a total of between 41 and 43 million people attended these ceremonies, making it the largest funeral ceremony in the world.[23] The funeral and burial ceremonies were delayed for over four months due to wartime conditions and security considerations.[24]

Political and Social Thought

This section covers the political and social views expressed in Ayatollah Khamenei's speeches, messages, fatwas, and written works.

Political Struggle and Jihad

Main article: Theory of the 250-Year-Old Person

Ayatollah Khamenei holds that the political life of the Imams of the Shia, despite apparent differences, constituted a continuous movement that lasted for about 250 years, and that all of them, in various ways, fought against the enemies of their time in pursuit of human perfection and the establishment of an Islamic society.[25] He does not limit jihad to its military dimension, but considers it to include confrontation with the enemy in political, cultural, media, and economic spheres.[26] He also introduced the term "Jihad of Clarification" (jihād al-tabyīn) as a means to counter enemy influence.[27]

Support for Muslim Unity in the Islamic World

Ayatollah Khamenei defines Islamic unity as the negation of enmity among Muslims, without requiring the homogenization of beliefs or schools of thought.[28] He has referred to divisive currents among Shia and Sunni as "British Shi'ism" and "American Islam," respectively.[29] In 2010, following statements made by Yasser al-Habib against Aisha, the wife of the Prophet (s), he issued a fatwa declaring the insulting of the sanctities of Islamic schools of thought as haram (forbidden).[30] Through his support for institutions such as the World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought and the Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly, his participation in international conferences on religions and sects, and his meetings with scholars of the Islamic world, he has emphasized the necessity of Muslim unity. He regards external forces, particularly Britain, as having a historical record of fomenting religious divisions in the Islamic world, and has warned of the consequences of such discord.[31]

Cultural and Regional Issues

Ayatollah Khamenei views cultural invasion as a calculated assault aimed at dominating nations,[32] which began during the reign of Reza Shah and continued after the Iran–Iraq war.[33] He has also argued that the term "West Asia" should replace "Middle East," as it is more accurate.[34] The revolutionary movements in Arab countries in 2010–11, which were referred to in the media as the "Arab Spring,"[35] he called the "Islamic Awakening."[36]

The Palestinian Issue

Ayatollah Khamenei, commenting on Iran's nuclear negotiations with the P5+1:'

"Whether this text is ratified or not, we will not abandon our support for our friends in the region: the oppressed nation of Palestine, the oppressed nation of Yemen, the nation and government of Syria, the nation and government of Iraq, the oppressed people of Bahrain, and the sincere mujahideen of the resistance in Lebanon and Palestine—they will always be supported by us."[37]

The solution to the Palestinian issue, in his view, lies in holding a referendum in which all Palestinians—Muslims, Christians, and Jews—participate.[38] Ayatollah Khamenei believes that the path to the liberation of Palestine is resistance,[39] and considers negotiations on the Palestinian issue a mistake that brings nothing but loss for the Palestinians and delays their liberation.[40]

Economy and Internal Management

Ayatollah Khamenei introduced the concept of a resistance economy as a strategy to counter sanctions and harness Iran's domestic economic capacity.[41] Through his emphasis, the term "resistance economy" entered Iran's political discourse.[42] Since 1999, he has annually designated the themes of the Iranian calendar years to draw public attention to cultural, religious, and economic issues.[43] In February 2019, on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Islamic Revolution, he issued a statement entitled the Second Step Declaration, which outlines the roadmap for the second forty years of the Revolution.[44]

Seminary and Islamic Civilization

In a message to the International Conference on the Centenary of the Re-establishment of the Qom Seminary, Ayatollah Khamenei called upon seminaries to innovate, respond to contemporary issues, promote spiritual purification, maintain a revolutionary spirit, and be capable of designing social systems, and identified the promotion of modern Islamic civilization as their most important task.[45]

Opposition to Imposed Peace

Ayatollah Khamenei believes that the cost of resistance is less than the cost of compromise,[46] and he has opposed Iran's submission or retreat from its nuclear rights. He has also emphasized that Iran does not accept imposed war or imposed peace.[47]

Jurisprudential Views

Ayatollah Khamenei:

"Qama-zani" (self-flagellation) is not related to the religion of Islam nor is it a mourning ritual; it is certainly contrary [to Islam] and an innovation (bid'ah), and undoubtedly God is not pleased with it, nor am I pleased with anyone who engages in Qama-zani.[48]

Ayatollah Khamenei considers Qama-zani (ritual self-flagellation with a blade/chain) to be an innovation and forbidden. He permits i'tikaf in non-congregational mosques with the intention of raja' [49] Regarding ghina and music in general, he deems forbidden any form of ghina that involves falsehood or frivolous, misleading entertainment, as well as any music that leads to negligence toward religion and religious obligations. He has also declared the production and use of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction as forbidden (haram). He does not permit insulting the sanctities of other Islamic denominations. In his view, a wife inherits from all of her husband's property, including immovable assets (such as land and buildings). This opinion stands in opposition to the view of those jurists who hold that a wife only inherits from the movable property of her husband.

Behavioral Characteristics

Ayatollah Khamenei has been described as a person with a simple lifestyle, ascetic (zahid), and with upright/clean hands. Numerous reports have referred to his modest way of living. There are also quoted statements from various international figures regarding his political acumen and intelligence. Among them, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, is quoted as having said: "During my tenure, I met with many political figures, presidents, and leaders from around the world. But I have never seen anyone as politically adept and intelligent as Ayatollah Khamenei." Additionally, Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, is quoted as saying: "I have not seen Christ, but I have heard and read about him in the Gospels. I saw Christ in the Leader of Iran."

Sayyid Mujtaba Khamenei, the third leader of the Islamic Republic, has said about him:

"Our martyred leader was a jurist who was insightful and aware of the needs of his time, an indefatigable mujahid, and as firm and solid as a mountain. He was a learned scholar who practiced what he preached, a truly divine scholar, one who was devoted to the remembrance of God, nightly prayers, and supplication before the Lord, and who sought intercession through the sanctified beings of the Infallible Imams (a). He believed wholeheartedly in the divine promises. Among his other characteristics were his love for Iran and his continuous effort to ensure ever-greater independence for dear Iran, alongside which he emphasized unity of word and national cohesion...."

Reading Habits

According to reports, Sayyid Ali Khamenei had an interest in reading and studying from adolescence, dedicating a portion of his time to books. In addition to academic and historical texts, he was also inclined toward novels and fiction, and he obtained books from the Central Library of Astan Quds Razawi and rental bookshops. These reports mention his reading of authors such as Leo Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, Romain Rolland, Alexandre Dumas, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Dante Alighieri, and also note that he would write marginal notes in books and recommend works to others.[50] In his memoirs, he has estimated that before relocating to Qom in 1958, he had read over a thousand novels.[51]

Furthermore, in various speeches and meetings, he has emphasized the need to promote a culture of reading, especially among children and adolescents. He has introduced reading as a means of raising awareness and advancing society's cultural development.[52] Some reports have noted his visits to book fairs and cultural centers, as well as his attention to the publishing sector.[53] Additionally, over 18,000 manuscripts and lithographic prints have been donated by him to the Central Library of Astan Quds Razawi, making him the largest donor of manuscripts to this institution.[54]

Academic Biography

Education

Sayyid Ali Khamenei in his early youth when he had just entered al-Hawza al-'Ilmiyya. The handwriting on the back of the image indicated that it had been given as a gift to Sayyid Hadi Khusruwshahi.

Sayyid Ali Khamenei began his formal education at the age of four in a traditional maktab (elementary religious school), and concurrently with his primary schooling, he learned the recitation (tilāwah) and tajwid (rules of Qur'anic recitation) of the Qur'an.[55] He started his religious studies in Mashhad, completing the introductory and intermediate levels at the Sulaymankhan and Nawwab seminaries. Alongside his seminary education, he continued his formal secondary schooling up to the second year of high school.[56]

In 1955, he attended the advanced jurisprudence classes of Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani. In 1957, he moved with his family to Najaf and participated in classes at the Najaf Seminary, but due to his father's reluctance to reside in Najaf, he returned to Mashhad,[57] where he again attended Ayatollah Milani's lessons. In 1958, he left for the Qom Seminary.[58]

In 1964, he returned from Qom to Mashhad to assist his father and continued attending Ayatollah Milani's classes until 1970.

Teachers

Ayatollah Khamenei's teachers have included Sayyid Jalil Husayni Sistani, Sayyid Jawad Khamene'i, Mirza Muhammad Mudarris Yazdi, Hashim Qazwini, Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani, Sayyid Husayn Tabataba'i Burujirdi, Imam Khomeini, Murtada Ha'iri Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Muhaqqiq Damad, and 'Allama Tabataba'i.[59] It has also been reported that he briefly attended the philosophy classes of Mujtaba Qazwini.[60]

Teaching

Ayatollah Khamenei's advanced jurisprudence class at Imam Khomeini Husayniyya, Tehran. (November 17, 2019)[61]

Sayyid 'Ali Khamene'i began teaching advanced levels of jurisprudence and principles of jurisprudence from the very beginning of his time in Mashhad, and also held public Qur'anic exegesis sessions. From 1968, he started specialized tafsir classes for seminary students, which continued until 1977, shortly before his arrest and exile to Iranshahr.[62] These sessions continued in later years, including during his presidency. After assuming leadership in 1990, he began teaching advanced jurisprudence at Imam Khomeini Husayniyya, covering topics such as jihad, qisas (retaliation), al-Makasib al-Muharrama (forbidden transactions), and Salat al-musafir (the traveller's abbreviated prayer).[63]

Marja'iyya (Religious Authority)

In 1994, following the demise of Muhammad 'Ali Araki, the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom and the Combatant Clergy Association introduced Ayatollah Khamenei as one of the Marja' al-Taqlid. He declared that there was no need for his own marja'iyya within Iran, and that he would only accept requests from Shia Muslims outside the country.[64] His first published fatwa-collection is the book Ajwibat al-Istifta'at, which contains his responses to the religious inquiries (istifta'at) of Shia believers.

Works

Main article: List of works by Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamene'i

Ayatollah Khamenei has authored or translated works in the fields of rijal (biographical evaluation of hadith transmitters), Qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, theology, and Islamic history. His authored works include The Four Principal Books of Rijal, From the Depths of Prayer, A Discourse on Patience, and The Spirit of Monotheism. He has also translated several works, including some by Sayyid Qutb.

Some of the compiled volumes of his speeches include An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Qur'an, Palestine from the Perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei, Ghina' (Forbidden Singing), The 250-Year-Old Human, A Ray from the Greatest Light, and The Sun in Confrontation. These works reflect his views on the Qur'an, the Prophet (s) and the Imams of the Shi'a, political and social issues, and Islamic philosophy. Additionally, a lyrical poem by him about the encounter of Moses (a) with Pharaoh and the magicians has been published, which was referenced during the "True Promise Operation (2024 CE).[65]

Political Struggles Against the Pahlavi Regime

In attire of Sunnis when he was exiled to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran.

Ayatollah Khamenei was among the campaigners against the Pahlavi regime and activists of the Iranian Islamic Revolution. The beginning of his political activity is attributed to his meeting with Sayyid Mujtaba Nawab Safawi in Mashhad. Due to delivering critical speeches, he was arrested several times[66] and was prohibited from activities such as leading congregational prayers, giving speeches, and teaching.[67] Nevertheless, he continued his activities secretly.[68] His exegesis (tafsir) sessions were initially held at the Mirza Ja'far Seminary, Imam Hassan Mosque, Qibla Mosque, and his home, and from December 1973, they were moved to the Keramat Mosque.[69]

He was in contact with Sayyid Mahmud Taliqani, Mahdi Bazargan, and Yadullah Sahabi, who were in prison for their support of Imam Khomeini,[70] and would occasionally visit political prisoners.[71] Khamenei, along with a number of clerics including Abd al-Rahim Rabbani Shirazi, Sayyid Muhammad Beheshti, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi,[72] was a member of an eleven-person group formed to strengthen the Qom Seminary and support the struggle against the Pahlavi regime.[73] Efforts to consolidate the religious authority of Imam Khomeini were among his other political activities.[74]

Exile to Iranshahr and Jiroft

In December 1977, Khamenei was exiled to Iranshahr due to his political activities.[75] In August 1978, SAVAK changed his place of exile to Jiroft,[76] where he resided for about two and a half months. The exile order was issued after the commemorative ceremony for Sayyid Mostafa Khomeini was held at Mulla Hashim Mosque in Mashhad.[77] He continued his political activities during the exile as well.

The books The Man of Iranshahr[78] and On Exile[79] have provided narratives of his 258 days in exile.

After the Islamic Revolution of Iran

Membership in The Council of the Islamic Revolution

After Imam Khomeini immigrated to France, he ordered the formation of The Council of the Islamic Revolution in late October 1978. Its members were gradually chosen by him.[80] The first members of the council were Mortaza Motahhari, Sayyid Mohammad Beheshti, Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Musawi Ardabili, Muhammad Rida Mahdawi Kani, Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Muhammad Jawad Bahunar, and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei attended the council sessions in late January 1979.[81] At that time, the council made significant decisions about fighting with the regime, including negotiation with the officials of Pahlavi government and foreign countries, forming a committee to welcome Imam Khomeini[82] and introducing Mahdi Bazargan to Imam Khomeini as the president of the temporary government.[83]

After the Islamic Revolution, the Council was responsible for legislation in the absence of an official legislature, assuming some cabinet duties by merging the transitional government with the Council of Revolution in July 1979. It subsequently performed all government duties after the transitional government resigned on November 5, 1979. Besides all these duties, it served as an authority for resolving problems and crises ahead of the newly established Islamic Republic and as a counselling body for Imam Khomeini.[84] Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei was a permanent member of this Council until the end of its activity on July 20, 1980. [85]

He believed that the Council of the Revolution needed to be composed of different representatives from various groups and parts of society. The problems of Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchistan, and other parts of the country and maintaining the unity of people were among other vital issues Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei focused on in the council.

Participation in Military and Defense Organizations

In a military exercise on August 6, 1987 in Persian Gulf, during the presidency of Islamic Republic of Iran.

In late July 1979, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was chosen as the deputy of revolution affairs in the defense ministry and a Commission of Security Ministers member, who was in charge of all police, military, and security affairs.[86] Besides all his missions assigned by the Council of the Revolution, he also became the head of the Center for Documents of Islamic Revolution and the Chief of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution on November 24, 1979. On February 24, 1980, he resigned from this position due to his candidacy for the first period of the parliament.[87]

Establishment of the Islamic Republic Party

During the days leading to the success of the Islamic Revolution and after that,[88] Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei worked together with Sayyid Mohammad Beheshti, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Musawi Ardabili, and Muhammad Jawad Bahunar for the establishment of a revolutionary institution.[89] This institution officially announced its existence on February 18, 1979, but its background dates back to sessions held in Mashhad in the summer of 1977.[90]

ayyid 'Ali Khamenei was among the ones who compiled the party's manifesto and took the party propagation task.[91] He was a founding and central council member. During the founding period of the party, Sayyid 'Ali played a more explanatory role and presented party positions in the form of pamphlets. He also played a role in establishing the party branch in Mashhad, which opened its office on March 17, 1979.

After Beheshti and Bahunar, Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei was chosen by the party's central council as its third general director.[92] In the first general congress of the party in May 1983, he was elected for the second time as the general director of the party, a member of the central council,[93] and the judgment council of the party.[94]

During his presidency, he participated in party sessions in Tehran and other cities. While he explained the missions and goals of the party, he also answered questions from the members of the offices and branches of the party.[95]

Imam of Friday Prayer of Tehran

Ayatollah Khamenei's historic Friday prayer, October 4, 2024; Tehran, Grand Mosalla Mosque of Imam Khomeini.

On January 14, 1980, Imam Khomeini appointed Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei as the imam of Friday prayer of Tehran, pointing to his excellent background and merits in knowledge and action.[96] He led the first Friday prayer on January 18, 1980. From this time until June 27, 1981, when he was attacked in Abudhar Mosque in Tehran and was seriously injured, he led the Friday prayer of Tehran except for a few days. He had this responsibility after that as well.

His idea was to hold a seminar for the imams of Friday prayer around Iran to create an integrated network of these imams in the country and around the Islamic World. After Imam Khomeini's approval, the first seminar was held in Faydiyya School in Qom.

He also sometimes made Arabic sermons after the second Persian sermon of Friday prayer.

Membership of the Parliament

Sayyid Ali Khamenei entered the first round of the parliament in March 1980, elected by the votes of Tehran, with the support of the Jami'a-yi Ruhaniyyat-i Mubariz, the Islamic Republic Party, and some other Islamic organizations and groups.

In October 1981, Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei became the president and left the parliament.

After being hospitalized due to injury in the terrorist attack.

Presidency

Taking his presidential decree from Imam Khomeini, October 5, 1981

First Term

After the martyrdom of Muhammad Ali Raja'i, the second president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the central council of Islamic Republic Party and also the Society of the Teachers of the Seminary of Qom chose Sayyid Ali Khamenei as the candidate for the presidency. Imam Khomeini, who had not agreed with the presidency of clerics in Iran, approved Sayyid Ali Khamanei's candidacy. The election was held on October 2, 1981, and Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei was elected president with an absolute majority of votes (95.11%). On October 9, 1981, Imam Khomeini issued his presidential decree, and on October 13, he took the oath in parliament as the third president of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Second Term

The fourth round of the Islamic Republic of Iran presidential election was held on August 16, 1985. Sayyid Ali Khamenei received 85% of the votes and became the president of Iran for the second time. After the demise of Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was chosen as the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in June 1989 and had both responsibilities until August 1989.

During this term, to resolve disagreements between the parliament and the Guardian Council over various bills, Imam Khomeini approved the establishment of the Expediency Discernment Council, and Sayyid Ali Khamenei became its first chairman and held that position until the end of his presidency.

Speech in the General Assembly of the United Nations

Foreign Trips

In his first presidential term, he traveled to Syria, Libya, and Algeria in September 1984, and in his second term, he traveled to Asian and African countries, for example Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Mozambique in January 1986. He also traveled to Zimbabwe in September 1986 to participate in the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. On this trip, he made a speech at the summit and met and spoke with some of the leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement. He also traveled to Yugoslavia and Romania in February 1989 and to China and North Korea in May 1989. Before his presidency, he had a missionary trip to India in February 1981.

On September 22, 1987, Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei participated in the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. In his speech, he explained Iran's opinions and positions to the heads of world governments. This was the first time the Islamic Republic of Iran's president was present at the United Nations General Assembly.

Supporting Muslim Fighters

Sayyid Ali Khamenei's other foreign diplomacy actions included establishing strong relationships with political Shi'a groups in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon and achieving mutual understanding between them. The establishment of the Islamic Unity Party, one of Afghanistan's eight parties, and the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq are essential examples of such an approach.

In this period, Iranian support of Islamic combatants of Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq, and Afghanistan was expanded. Such support of Islamic parties and groups in those countries brought them a regional and international position.

Establishment of the Foundation of the Islamic Encyclopaedia

Main article: Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World (book)

The Foundation of the Islamic Encyclopaedia was established in 1983 with the aim of compiling the Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World, upon the initiative of Ayatollah Khamenei. The founders of this foundation believe that Western encyclopaedias on the Islamic world have often been written under the influence of Western perspectives.[97] The Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World is planned to comprise 60 volumes, of which 33 volumes have been published as of March 2025.[98]

Leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran

At his first speech in the meeting with the commanders of both the Military of Iran and the Army of the Guardians after the demise of Imam Khomeini.

After Imam Khomeini 's demise on June 4, 1989, the Assembly of Experts for Leadership held a session in the afternoon of the same day. There was much discussion about whether leadership should be by a council or a person. Finally, they chose the latter. After mentioning Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei, some members of the Assembly narrated Imam Khomeini's opinion about Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei's competence in leadership of the country. Then, there was an election, and by a decisive vote, members of the Assembly chose Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei as the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

After the revision of the constitution and the referendum, the Assembly of the Experts for Leadership held a session based on the new constitution and conducted an opinion poll about his leadership. An absolute number of them chose him again as the country's leader.

Sayyid Ahmad Khomeini, the son and the closest person to Imam Khomeini, quoted that he said: "Indeed he (Ayatollah Khamenei) is competent for leadership." Zahra Mostafavi, daughter of Imam Khomeini, quoted from him, mentioning Ayatollah Khamenei for the leadership and approving his Ijtihad. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, among the influential politicians in Iran, quoted Imam Khomeini, who mentioned Ayatollah Khamenei as the country's future leader. He also said that in a private meeting with him, Imam Khomeini mentioned Ayatollah Khamenei and said, "You will not be at a dead end! Since such a person is among you."

After Ayatollah Khamenei was chosen as the leader, high-ranking officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the household of Imam Khomeini, religious authorities and scholars, elites, great personalities from Hawza and universities, families of the martyrs and different groups of people approved him or swore allegiance to him.

A few hours after Ayatollah Khamenei was chosen as the leader, Sayyid Ahmad Khomeini congratulated him and regarded the orders of al-Wali al-Faqih incumbent upon himself.

Then, people's allegiance in demonstrations, participation in rallies, declarations, congratulations, and signing scrolls were made. Caravans of allegiance with the new leadership ran on the verge of the 40th day after the demise of Imam Khomeini to visit Ayatollah Khamenei from different parts of the country. Maneuvers of allegiance with the leadership were made in some borderlines and strategic regions of the country, and seminars for promising Imam Khomeini and showing allegiance to the new leadership were held.

Strengthening and Supporting the Resistance Front

Main article: Axis of Resistance
Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah, then Secretary-General of Hezbollah in Lebanon, addressing Sayyid Ali Khamenei: "By God, O our master and our leader! If all of us are killed, if we know that we will be killed, then burned, then our ashes scattered in the air, then brought back to life, then killed again, then burned again, then our ashes scattered in the air again, and this is done to us a thousand times, we will never abandon you, O son of Husayn."

Ayatollah Khamenei has been a primary supporter of the Axis of Resistance.[99] According to some studies, his support has contributed to strengthening the capabilities of resistance groups, particularly in Palestine, and to shifting the balance of resistance in the region.[100]

Iran's Military Retaliation Order Against Israel

Main article: Operation True Promise 3

On April 14, 2024, in response to Israel's attack on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) targeted military objectives in the occupied territories by launching missiles and drones from Iran.[101] This operation marked the first direct military confrontation between Iran and Israel. Before the operation, Ayatollah Khamenei had spoken about punishing Israel and delivering a "regret-inducing response" to its actions. Later, on June 12, 2024, following Israel's aggression against Iran and the assassination of several IRGC commanders and nuclear scientists, Khamenei stated that Iran’s armed forces would undoubtedly deal heavy blows to the Zionist regime.[102] Concurrently with his remarks, the armed forces of the Islamic Republic struck military and security targets in the occupied territories.

Orders for Military Operations Against U.S. Bases in West Asia

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, issued orders for missile strikes against U.S. military bases in the West Asia. In January 2020, following the assassination of Major General Qasem Soleimani, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) targeted the Ain al-Asad Air Base in Iraq with ballistic missiles.[103] In addition, in June 2025, after U.S. airstrikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, the IRGC launched a retaliatory missile attack on the Al-Udeid Air Base in Qatar.[104] This strike was conducted as part of Operation Basharat al-Fath, reportedly under the command of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Calling on Western Youth to Understand Islam Directly

Main article: A Letter For You

After a terrorist attack by some radical Muslim groups in France in 2014, which led to a highly anti-Muslim atmosphere in the West, Ayatollah Khamenei sent a message to the youths in Europe and North America. In this message, he asked the youth that to know Islam, they need to refer to the original references for Islam, which are the Qur'an and the life of the Prophet (s).[105]

This message was widely spread in online social networks in several languages with the hashtag "Letter4u". It seems that such a message has been unprecedented among Muslim and Shi'a scholars.

Showing Solidarity with pro-Palestinian Students in America

Main article: Ayatollah Khamenei's letter to students at U.S. universities

On May 25, 2024, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issued a letter expressing solidarity with pro-Palestinian students at American universities. He praised their activism, describing them as a branch of the Resistance Front, and criticized the U.S. government as the primary supporter of the Zionist regime. Emphasizing the Palestinians’ right to self-defense, he wrote, “As the page of history is turning, you are standing on the right side of it.” He also encouraged students to study the Quran, noting that standing up for justice is one of its core teachings.[106]

Religious Authority

The Farsi translation of Ajwibat al-Istifta'at which is written originally in Arabic, contains the answers of Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei to the questions of Shi'a from around the world regarding their religious rulings.

In 1994, after the demise of Ayatollah Muhammad Ali Araki, the Assembly of Teachers of the Seminary of Qom and the Community of Combatant Clerics of Tehran introduced Ayatollah Khamenei as a competent faqih for being a marja'. In a speech, Ayatollah Khamenei emphasized that there is no need for his religious authority in Iran, and he accepts only the request of Shi'as who live outside Iran. However, if there is someone to take this responsibility, he will withdraw from this one as well.

His opinions were published in the first book of rulings, Ajwabat al-istifta'at, which contained his answers to Shi'a questions regarding rulings.

Message to the Millennium Summit of Religious Leaders

In August 2000 CE, Ayatollah Khamenei sent a message to the Millennium Summit of Religious Leaders for World Peace at the United Nations, in which he reminded that many power-seekers exploit religion, and that the greatest challenge for the Islamic Republic is neutralizing the difficulties imposed upon it by the world's major powers.[107] The message was delivered by Ayatullah Jawadi Amuli as Iran's representative at the summit.[108]

Organizations Established with the Support of Ayatollah Khamenei

To achieve his religious goals and also make reforms in different intellectual and cultural fields, Ayatollah Khamenei established some organizations that are mostly cultural, including the organizations listed below:

  • Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly (established: 1989): Founded to introduce Islam, disseminate the teachings of the Qur'an and the Ahl al-Bayt (a), and support the followers of the Ahl al-Bayt worldwide.[109]
  • Services Center for Seminaries (established: 1991): Established to support seminary students and unaffiliated clerics in matters of livelihood, housing, and other needs.[112]
  • Headquarters for the Promotion of Prayer (Setad-i Iqama-yi Namaz): A specialized institution for the development and promotion of the practice of prayer.[113]

Notes

  1. ↑ The exact date of birth of the Leader of the Revolution according to himself, Khabar Online.
  2. ↑ Sharif Razi, Ganjina-yi Danishmandan, vol. 7, p. 128.
  3. ↑ Sharif Razi, Ganjina-yi Danishmandan, vol. 7, p. 128.
  4. ↑ Zangana, Mashahir-i Madfun dar Haram-i Radawi, vol. 1, p. 77.
  5. ↑ "A Glance at the Biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  6. ↑ Tafrish is a city in the central region of Iran
  7. ↑ "The Shrine of Imamzada Muhammad (a) – Tafrish", ISNA.
  8. ↑ "A Glance at the Biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  9. ↑ "A Glance at the Biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  10. ↑ Zangana, Mashahir-i Madfun dar Haram-i Radawi, vol. 1, p. 458.
  11. ↑ "A Glance at the Biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  12. ↑ Remarks at a meeting with a group of professors, scholars, and elite seminary students of Qom, 24 October 2010.
  13. ↑ "Ayatollah Makarim Shirazi: Whoever threatens the Leader and the Marja'iyya is subject to the ruling of 'Muḥārib'", IRNA; "Response to a religious inquiry from His Eminence Grand Ayatollah Nuri Hamadani (may his shadow endure) regarding the threats of America and the Zionist regime against the Supreme Leader (may his blessings endure)", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Nuri Hamadani.
  14. ↑ "The decisive reaction of Maraji' and scholars to Trump's insolence toward the Leader of the Revolution", Rasa News Agency.
  15. ↑ "The Najaf Seminary reacted strongly to the insolent threat of 'criminal Trump' to assassinate Imam Khamenei", Daneshju News.
  16. ↑ Hashimi, Inqilab dar..., p. 176.
  17. ↑ Ghubadi, "A report on the assassination attempt of 6 Tir 1360".
  18. ↑ "A review of 24 assassinations after the victory of the Islamic Revolution", Center for Islamic Revolution Documents.
  19. ↑ "The failed assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei", Tebyan.
  20. ↑ Imām Khomeinī, Ṣaḥīfa-yi Imām, vol. 14. p. 304.
  21. ↑ "Details of the funeral ceremony of the 'Martyr Leader of the Ummah' in Mashhad", Al-Alam News Network.
  22. ↑ "The sacred body of the martyred Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution was buried in Dar al-Dhikr of the Imam Reza Shrine", Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  23. ↑ "Initial estimates of the number of participants in the largest funeral in world history", Fars News Agency; "Kayhan: Official sources confirm the population of approximately 41 to 43 million for the total participants in the funeral ceremony of the martyred leader", Shargh Network.
  24. ↑ "Details of the Farewell Ceremony for Iran's Martyr Leader", Mashregh News Agency; "The funeral ceremony of the martyred Supreme Leader of the Revolution will be held on 17 Tir in Najaf and Karbala", Islamic Republic News Agency.
  25. ↑ Khamenei, Hamrazan-i Husayn, p. 6.
  26. ↑ "Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with producers and economic activists", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  27. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with eulogists of the Ahl al-Bayt (a), The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  28. ↑ Speech, October 11, 1989.
  29. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with various segments of society on the occasion of Eid al-Ghadir, The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  30. ↑ "Ayatollah Khamenei: Insulting Aisha and any of the symbols of the Sunnis is forbidden," Khabar Online.
  31. ↑ The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei
  32. ↑ See: Daghdagha-ha-yi Farhangi, Sahba Publications.
  33. ↑ "Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with a group of cultural officials", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  34. ↑ "Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with university professors, The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  35. ↑ See: Taqawi, Rishah-ha-yi Bahar-i 'Arabi wa Domino-yi Furupashi-yi Rezhim-ha-yi 'Arab, p. 4.
  36. ↑ Friday prayer sermons of 15 Bahman 1389, The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  37. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's Eid al-Fitr sermon, 2015, website of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  38. ↑ Sulh-Mirza'i, Filastin az manzar-i Hadrat-i Ayatollah al-'Uzma Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei, p. 599.
  39. ↑ Sulh-Mirza'i, Filastin az manzar-i Hadrat-i Ayatollah al-'Uzma Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei, pp. 487-490.
  40. ↑ Sulh-Mirza'i, Filastin az manzar-i Hadrat-i Ayatollah al-'Uzma Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei, pp. 499-500.
  41. ↑ Yusifi, Nizam-i Iqtisadi-yi Muqavimati, p. 32.
  42. ↑ See: "Resistance Economy – What is it?", Young Journalists Club.
  43. ↑ "A review of the naming of years by the Leader of the Revolution from 1999 to the present", IMNA; "Examining the reason for naming the years in an interview with the Supreme Leader's senior advisor", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  44. ↑ The "Second Step of the Revolution" statement by Ayatollah Khamenei addressed to the Iranian nation, The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  45. ↑ "Pioneering and Foremost Seminary", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  46. ↑ "The Logic of Resistance | Three: The Cost of Compromise Exceeds the Cost of Resistance", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  47. ↑ "The Supreme Leader's second televised message to the Iranian nation following the Zionist regime's aggression against Iran", The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  48. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's remarks in a meeting with members of the Assembly of Experts, The Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  49. ↑ hopeful devotion, i.e., performing an act with the hope of divine reward without asserting it as an established obligation.
  50. ↑ The "novels" that Ayatollah Khamenei has read, (Persian).
  51. ↑ The "novels" that Ayatollah Khamenei has read, (Persian).
  52. ↑ "A review of the Supreme Leader's recommendations on books and reading", Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  53. ↑ The Book-Reading Leader, (Persian).
  54. ↑ Donation of over 18,000 manuscripts and lithographic books by Imam Khamenei to a library, (Persian).
  55. ↑ Behbudī, Sharḥ-i Ism, p. 49.
  56. ↑ Archive of the Documents Center, no. 1226.
  57. ↑ Archive of the Documents Center, no. 1226.
  58. ↑ Behbudī, Sharḥ-i Ism, p. 78.
  59. ↑ "A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Alī Ḥusaynī Khamene'i", Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  60. ↑ Behbudī, Sharḥ-i Ism, p. 67.
  61. ↑ "Advanced jurisprudence class", Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  62. ↑ "A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Alī Ḥusaynī Khamene'i", Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  63. ↑ "A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid 'Alī Ḥusaynī Khamene'i", Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  64. ↑ Speech, December 14, 1994.
  65. ↑ "The poem of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei, one verse of which he recited in a meeting on the eve of the True Promise operation", Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  66. ↑ See: Archive of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, no. 1234; Archive of the Documents Center, nos. 614 and 1231–1232.
  67. ↑ Archive of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, nos. 304, 389, and 575.
  68. ↑ Archive of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, nos. 572 and 576.
  69. ↑ Archive of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, no. 614.
  70. ↑ Yaran-i Imam bi Riwayat-i Asnad-i Savak, vol. 1, p. 468.
  71. ↑ Bazargan, Yaddasht-ha-yi Ruzana, pp. 422–423.
  72. ↑ Hashemi Rafsanjani, Duran-i Mubariza, vol. 2, p. 1566.
  73. ↑ "A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husayni Khamenei", website of the Office of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  74. ↑ "A brief look at the biography of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husayni Khamenei", website of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  75. ↑ "A narrative of students' meeting with Ayatollah Khamenei in Iranshahr / Ayatollah Khamenei's precise analysis of the international situation during exile", Islamic Revolution Documentation Center.
  76. ↑ Behbudī, Sharh-i Esm, p. 602.
  77. ↑ "Documents reveal why Ayatollah Khamenei was exiled to Iranshahr", Islamic Revolution Documentation Center.
  78. ↑ "Mr. Iranshahr'; The travelogue of an exile", website of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  79. ↑ "A documented account of Ayatollah Khamenei's 258 days of exile during the Shah's era", Hawza Information Base.
  80. ↑ Imām Khomeinī, Ṣaḥīfa-yi Imām, vol. 5, p. 426-428.
  81. ↑ Pā bi pā-yi āftāb, vol. 2, p. 192.
  82. ↑ Qāsimpūr, Daha-yi sarniwishtsāz, pp. 92-94.
  83. ↑ Bashīrī, Hāshimī, inqilāb wa pīrūzī, p. 169.
  84. ↑ Sāʾilī, Tārīkhcha-yi shuwrā-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī, p. 11.
  85. ↑ Sāʾilī, Tārīkhcha-yi shuwrā-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī, pp. 49-62.
  86. ↑ Sāʾilī, Tārīkhcha-yi shuwrā-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī, pp. 117-118.
  87. ↑ Bashīrī, Hāshimī, inqilāb wa pīrūzī, p. 449.
  88. ↑ Bashīrī, Hāshimī, inqilāb wa pīrūzī, p. 125.
  89. ↑ Bashīrī, Hāshimī, inqilāb wa pīrūzī, pp. 215-218.
  90. ↑ Jāsbī, Az ghubār ta bārān, vol. 4, p. 149.
  91. ↑ Jāsbī, Az ghubār ta bārān, vol. 4, p. 146.
  92. ↑ Hāshimī, Ubūr az buḥrān, p. 263.
  93. ↑ Bakhshāyish, Khāṭirat-i Sayyid Murtaḍā Nabawī, p. 168.
  94. ↑ Jāsbī, Az ghubār ta bārān, vol. 4, p. 300.
  95. ↑ Jumhuri-yi Islami Newspaper, no. 1541, p. 15; no. 1543, p. 2.
  96. ↑ Imām Khomeinī, Ṣaḥīfa-yi Imām, vol. 12, p. 116.
  97. ↑ "Introduction to the Encyclopaedia", Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World website.
  98. ↑ "Publication of the thirty-third volume of the Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World", Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World website.
  99. ↑ See: "Remarks at a meeting with members of the World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt (a) and the Union of Islamic Radio and Television Networks", website of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  100. ↑ Ahmadi-Muqaddam et al., "Explaining the role of Imam Khamenei in guiding and leading the Resistance Front," p. 38.
  101. ↑ IRGC launches ‘extensive’ retaliatory missile, drone strikes on occupied territories
  102. ↑ Sayyed Khamenei: Iran retaliation for bloody Zionist crime inevitable
  103. ↑ Iran launches missile attacks on US facilities in Iraq
  104. ↑ Iran attacks US air base in Qatar: What we know so far
  105. ↑ To the Youth in Europe and North America
  106. ↑ Dear young Students in America, You are now standing on the right side of history
  107. ↑ Ayatollah Khamenei's message to the Millennium Summit of Religious Leaders.
  108. ↑ Report on the Millennium of Religions.
  109. ↑ "Introduction to the Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly", Ahl al-Bayt Portal.
  110. ↑ "Introduction to the Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences (Noor)".
  111. ↑ "Charter of the Academic and Educational Institution of Al-Mustafa International University", Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
  112. ↑ .html "Introduction to the Services Center for Seminaries", Services Center for Seminaries website.
  113. ↑ Gharifi, Khalifat al-Imam al-Rahil, pp. 175–204.

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