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Occupation of Palestine refers to the usurpation and seizure of Palestinian territories by Israel and the subsequent expulsion of the Palestinian people, a process that officially commenced on May 14, 1948. The historical context of this occupation traces back to the late 19th century with the emergence of the Zionist movement, the establishment of the British Mandate for Palestine, and the implementation of the 1947 UN Partition Plan.

The occupation of Palestine is regarded as a central issue facing the Muslim world. Shi'a scholars have consistently advocated for the Palestinian cause, emphasizing the necessity of its liberation. While some have issued fatwas for jihad against Israel, others have promulgated fatwas declaring relations with Israel haram and deeming the liberation of Palestine and Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis) a religious obligation.

On the day the occupation of Palestine was officially announced, Jewish immigrants settled in the territories designated for them by the United Nations Partition Plan (approximately 55% of Palestine). Subsequently, through a series of wars, they expanded their territorial control over the region. The extent of the occupied territories increased to 78% during the 1948 war. In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel further occupied East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, the city of Qunaytira, and the Golan Heights in Syria. Reports indicate that by 2023, less than 15% of historical Palestine—comprising the Gaza Strip and scattered enclaves within the West Bank—remained under Palestinian control. Throughout this period, more than six million Palestinians have been displaced and expelled from their ancestral lands.

The objectives of the Zionists in occupying Palestine have been characterized as the establishment of a greater Jewish state (Greater Israel) and the consolidation of a regional superpower in the Middle East. The belief in the Jews as the "chosen people" by God and the divine allocation of Palestine (the Promised Land) to the Jews are cited as primary motivations for the occupation and the establishment of Israel. Conversely, Zionist justifications for the legitimacy of the occupation include the claim that Palestinian migration was voluntary, the slogan "a land without a people for a people without a land," and the historical context of the Holocaust.

The occupation of Palestine has precipitated various consequences, including the widespread killing and displacement of the Palestinian people, persistent popular uprisings, the formation of the Axis of Resistance and movements such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and the designation of Quds Day for global support and protest.

Various solutions have been proposed to resolve the occupation, such as the Camp David Accords, the Oslo Accords, and the two-state solution; however, the Islamic Republic of Iran has deemed all such initiatives unsuccessful. In the view of Sayyid 'Ali Khamene'i, the Leader of Iran, the only logical solution is a referendum involving the rightful owners of Palestine—including both current residents and refugees—regarding the future of the land and its governance.

Place of Palestine in the Muslim World

Palestine has been described as an integral part of the body of Islam,[1] the heart of the Islamic world,[2] and the paramount issue of the Muslim world;[3] consequently, the problem of its occupation is considered a collective challenge for the Muslim world.[4] The reasons for the prioritization of the Palestinian issue among Muslims include:

  • Palestine is a Muslim country that has been subjected to occupation;
  • The occupation is viewed as an unprecedented historical event characterized by massacres and atrocities;
  • Al-Aqsa Mosque, the first Qibla of Muslims, along with numerous religious holy sites, faces the threat of destruction and desecration;
  • The country is situated at a strategic focal point within the Muslim world, and its occupation by Israel constitutes a threat to the region.[5]

Stance of Shi'a Scholars Regarding the Occupation of Palestine

Marja's and Shi'a scholars are considered to be at the forefront of the support for Palestine and its liberation from Israeli occupation.[6] It is noted that Shi'a spiritual leaders have unanimously defended the rights of the Palestinian people throughout the occupation, emphasizing the liberation of Jerusalem (Quds) and Palestine.[7] Prominent Marja's and scholars, including Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani, Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim, Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei, Ayatollah Burujirdi, Sayyid 'Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din, and Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Kashani, have actively supported the Palestinian cause.[8]

Following the partition plan for Palestine, Shi'a scholars from Iraq, in conjunction with Sunni scholars, submitted a letter of protest to the League of Nations, denouncing the plan as a strike against the heart of Islam and the Arab world.[9] In June 1938, Shi'a scholars led by Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita (d. 1954) in Najaf issued a fatwa for jihad, declaring jihad in Palestine obligatory for every Muslim.[10] Similarly, following the establishment of the State of Israel and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, scholars such as 'Abd al-Karim Zanjani (d. 1968) issued fatwas mandating jihad against Israel.[11]

Several Marja's, including Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani (d. 1975),[12] Imam Khomeini (d. 1989),[13] and Muhammad Fadil Lankarani (d. 2007),[14] have deemed any transaction or relationship with Israel to be haram, while others have categorized the liberation of Palestine and Quds as obligatory.[15] Imam Khomeini asserted that it is incumbent upon every Muslim to utilize all available power to liberate the occupied territories.[16] Murtada Mutahhari (d. 1979), in a speech on the day of Ashura in 1969, declared that the central issue and slogan of the day must be Palestine, stating that financial aid for its liberation is obligatory.[17] Sayyid 'Ali Khamene'i, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has described the protection of Palestinian identity and its symbols against the occupation of the Zionist regime as a holy jihad and an obligatory matter. He maintains that Islamic and Arab nations, along with various movements, have a duty to serve the Palestinian cause.[18]

Due to its occupation of Quds and Palestine, Israel is frequently referred to in these circles as the "Quds Occupying Regime" or the "Usurping Regime of Israel."[19]

Names of Shi'a scholars who issued fatwas for jihad in Palestine.

Background of Occupation

The surge in antisemitism across Europe during the 19th century precipitated the formation of the Zionist movement. Following the British Mandate for Palestine[20] and the Balfour Declaration, a wave of Jewish migration to Palestine commenced. As this migration expanded, the Zionist regime of Israel occupied Palestine, declaring its existence on May 14, 1948.[21]

Zionist Movement and the Rothschild Family

The Zionist movement and the wealthy Rothschild family—among the most prominent Jewish supporters of Zionism—played a significant role in the occupation of Palestine and the establishment of Israel.[22] A primary objective of Zionism was the gathering of world Jewry into a single region (Palestine) to form a Jewish state and establish a greater Jewish nation.[23] Theodor Herzl, the founder of Zionism,[24] met multiple times with the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire to secure an agreement for allocating Palestine to the Jews; however, the Ottoman government refused.[25] Herzl subsequently sought financial assistance from the Rothschild family, who extended their support upon realizing that the establishment of a Zionist state aligned with their interests.[26] According to 'Abd al-Wahhab al-Missiri in the "Encyclopedia of Jews, Judaism, and Zionism," without the financial backing of the Rothschilds and other wealthy Jews, no movement or activity could have materialized in Palestine.[27]

Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The usurping domination of the Zionists over Palestine had three pillars: One pillar was cruelty towards the Arabs. Their treatment of the original owners was accompanied by cruelty, harshness, and severe violence. The second pillar was lying to the public opinion of the world. The third pillar is collusion - and as they say, "lobbying".[28]

Role of Britain in the Occupation of Palestine

In May 1916, Britain, Russia, and France concluded the Sykes-Picot Agreement,[29] determining that following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine would be administered under British domination.[30] This agreement is widely regarded as the foundation for the formation of the Zionist regime in 1948.[31] On November 2, 1917, through the Balfour Declaration, Britain announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine,[32] pledging to make every effort to realize this goal.[33]

Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I (1918), Britain occupied Palestine in September 1918[34] and appointed Zionist Jews to administer the territory.[35] According to Kuwaiti historian Tariq Suwaydan, Britain facilitated Jewish migration to Palestine during the colonization period (1918-1948) and supported land acquisitions by Jews. This support enabled the establishment of numerous economic, political, educational, and military institutions.[36] During this period, two Zionist paramilitary organizations, Haganah and Irgun, were formed to engage in armed conflict with Arabs.[37] The creation of a Jewish home in Palestine was viewed as a strategic factor in preserving British interests in the region.[38]

Partition Plan of Palestine

Map of the Partition of Palestine approved by the UN: Yellow: Arab State; Orange: Jewish State; White: Jerusalem.

On November 29, 1947, through the efforts and pressure of Zionists and the United States, the United Nations adopted Resolution 181 regarding the partition of Palestine.[39] Under this plan, Palestine was divided into two states—one Jewish and one Arab—while the administration of Jerusalem was placed under United Nations trusteeship.[40] The plan allocated approximately 54%,[41] 55%,[42] or 56.4%[43] of Palestinian land to the Jewish state, with the remaining 42.8%[44] or 45%[45] designated for the Arab state. It is noted that in 1946, Jews owned only 5.6% of the land, while Arabs owned 77.4%; yet, the plan allocated ten times the amount of land actually owned by Jews to the new state.[46] This plan is considered the de facto genesis of the State of Israel[47] and the catalyst for the 1948 war.[48] Palestinians and Arab nations rejected the plan as invalid and a violation of the UN Charter regarding a people's right to self-determination.[49]

Zionist Efforts to Occupy Palestine Before 1948

The first migration of Jews to Palestine (originating from Russia) occurred circa 1881[50] or 1882,[51] at a time when the region was under Ottoman rule.[52] The influx of Jews between 1905 and 1907 is referred to as the second wave of migration.[53] Following the Balfour Declaration, Jewish military forces occupied parts of Palestinian territory;[54] despite extensive uprisings by Muslim Arabs against this influx, 35,000 Jews migrated to Palestine between 1919 and 1922.[55]

In 1920, Herbert Samuel, a Jew, became the High Commissioner of the British mandate in Palestine. He engineered political, administrative, and economic conditions to facilitate the creation of a Jewish national home. Measures included appointing extremist Jews to key positions, establishing Hebrew as an official language alongside Arabic and English, transferring state lands to Jews, and confiscating Arab farmland under the pretext of debt.[56] The strategy of the Zionists and the mandate government to occupy and Judaize Palestine relied on three pillars:

  1. Land Purchase: The acquisition of land by Jews was facilitated, leading to substantial purchases. To weaken Arab farmers, the mandate government restricted exports of products like olives, forcing farmers to sell their land to cover debts and taxes.
  2. Migration: Jewish immigration was actively encouraged. Between 1918 and 1928, over 100,000 Jews migrated to Palestine.
  3. Economic Aid: Arab economic power was systematically undermined while the Jewish economy was bolstered. This included imposing heavy tariffs on Arab products while exempting Jewish goods, and granting mineral extraction concessions (e.g., from the Dead Sea) to Jewish enterprises.[57]

Between 1932 and 1935, 145,000 Jews migrated to Palestine officially—under the protection of Britain, France, and the US—while tens of thousands entered illegally.[58] By 1938, Jews reportedly constituted 30% of the population.[59]

Prior to 1948, Palestinians launched repeated uprisings against Zionist activities and the occupation, notably the 1920 uprising, the Jaffa uprising in 1921, the Buraq uprising in 1929, and the uprising led by Sheikh 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam.[60]

Official Announcement of the Occupation of Palestine in 1948 and its Consequences

Main article: Israel

With the termination of the British Mandate on May 14[61] or May 15,[62] 1948, the British administration was succeeded by the Zionist regime. Immigrant Jews settled in the territories allocated to them by the United Nations.[63] On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the independence and establishment of the Jewish state of Israel[64] at a ceremony in Tel Aviv.[65] This marked the official commencement of the occupation of Palestine.[66]

One day following this declaration, the armies of five Arab nations (Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq)[67] entered Palestine to intervene, initiating a war with Israel that lasted until January 1949.[68] In the aftermath of this conflict, 78% of Palestine fell under Israeli occupation.[69] Some sources estimate the occupied territory at 6,000 square kilometers.[70] Consequently, only the Gaza Strip, the West Bank of the Jordan River, and East Jerusalem remained under the control of Palestinian Arabs.[71] Between 1947 and 1949, the Israeli army destroyed 530 towns and villages, massacred large numbers of Palestinians, and displaced a significant portion of the population.[72]

During the 1948 war, Jerusalem was divided into West and East sectors, with the West falling under Israeli occupation. A year later, Israel declared Jerusalem its capital.[73] Some analyses suggest that following the 1949 armistice, the city was divided into three zones: the Arab zone (11.4%), the Israeli-occupied zone (84.3%), and a zone under UN sovereignty (4.3%).[74]

According to Jewish Agency statistics, Jews owned only 6.8% of Palestinian land by 1947.[75] However, the Jewish population increased from 8% in 1918 to 33% by 1948.[76] Palestinians refer to the day of Israel's declaration of existence as "Nakba Day" (Day of Catastrophe), observing it annually with condemnations and demonstrations.[77]

  • Forced displacement of Palestinian people from their homes in 1948.
    Forced displacement of Palestinian people from their homes in 1948.
  • Occupation of Palestine from 1880 to 2020.
  • Declaration of the establishment of Israel on May 14, 1948, by Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv.
    Declaration of the establishment of Israel on May 14, 1948, by Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv.

Continued Occupation after 1948

See also: List of Israeli wars against Muslims and List of Israeli massacres

Israel continued to annex further Palestinian territories following Nakba Day and the 1948 war. American theorist and social critic Noam Chomsky notes that after the 1949 armistice, Israel repeatedly attacked Arab civilians and expelled them from their lands.[78] To drive Palestinian Arabs from their villages and expand the occupation, Israel committed numerous massacres, including those at Deir Yassin, Qibya, and Nasir al-Din.[79]

During the 1956 war between Israel and Egypt, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Suez Canal, although Gaza and Sinai were returned to Egypt in March 1957.[80] In 1967, following the Six-Day War between Israel and four Arab nations (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq)—which resulted in an Arab defeat—Israel occupied East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, Qunaytira, and the Golan Heights.[81] Reports indicate that after 1967, Israel seized 55% of West Bank lands and 44% of the Gaza Strip,[82] tripling the size of the territories under its occupation.[83]

Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, returning control to the Palestinians.[84]

The Oslo Accords of 1993 are considered by some to have resulted in the further Judaization of Jerusalem, increased confiscation of Palestinian lands, and the expansion of Israeli settlements.[85]

By 2023, less than 15% of Palestinian land remained in Palestinian hands, with the remainder occupied by the Zionist regime.[86] The territories currently held by Palestinians are limited to the Gaza Strip and scattered enclaves in the West Bank.[87] Consequently, "Palestine," as referred to in international forums today, generally denotes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[88]

Settlement Construction

The construction of Israeli settlements in occupied Palestinian territories is considered a foundational pillar[89] and a core policy[90] of the regime. The stated objectives of this policy include expanding occupied territories, preventing the formation of a future Palestinian state, disrupting the territorial contiguity of Palestinian lands, confiscating water resources,[91] and, fundamentally, the Judaization of Palestine.[92] While the first settlement dates back to 1870,[93] widespread construction began after the establishment of Israel, entering its most significant phase following the occupation of East Jerusalem in June 1967.[94] According to the Anadolu Agency, while no Jews resided in the West Bank or East Jerusalem in 1967, by 2023, the settler population had reached 230,000 in East Jerusalem and 690,000 in the West Bank.[95]

Israeli settlement construction in the occupied West Bank (2023-24).

Israel's settlement policy in Quds reduced Palestinian ownership in the city from 100% in 1967 to 21% by 1995.[96] The settler population in the West Bank tripled between 1995 and 2015.[97] The United Nations and its Secretary-General have declared these settlements illegal and a flagrant violation of international law, demanding their cessation.[98]

In 2002, Israel commenced the construction of a separation wall to isolate Palestinian areas from Jewish settlements.[99] By 2021, six layers of walls had been erected, including barriers along the borders with the West Bank, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Gaza.[100] Both the UN General Assembly[101] and the International Court of Justice have deemed the wall's construction illegal.[102]

Goals and Motivations for Occupation of Palestine

The establishment of a "Greater Israel" with a Jewish identity, functioning as a dominant regional hegemon in the Middle East, is cited as the primary objective of the Israeli regime.[103] Tariq Suwaydan argues that the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine served dual purposes: emptying Europe of its Jewish population while providing Western powers, particularly Britain and the United States, with a military base and a conduit for influence in Arab lands.[104]

Israel Shahak, Chairman of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights

In the view of Israelis, lands in the hands of non-Jews are considered "unliberated" lands, and taking them from the original owners and handing them over to Jews means saving those lands... For this reason, Zionists try to take all lands of Palestine from the hands of non-Jews and so-called liberate them.[105]

The occupation of Palestine and the creation of Israel were driven by religious and political motivations, including:

  • Chosen People: Zionists regard the concept of the "chosen people" as a fundamental principle and official doctrine.[106] Roger Garaudy quotes Rabbi Cohen as asserting that humanity is divided into two categories: Israel and other nations. As the chosen nation, Israel is entitled to expel non-Jews from the Promised Land.[107] Israel Shahak, Chairman of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights, writes that in the Israeli worldview, entities are classified as Jewish or non-Jewish; within the Jewish state, only Jews are fully accorded human status, while non-Jews are viewed instrumentally as means to produce resources for Jews.[108]
  • Promised Land: The identification of Palestine as the Promised Land was utilized to incite and encourage Jewish migration.[109] Zionists maintain that expelling others from a land divinely promised to a specific group is not merely a right but a duty.[110] According to Suwaydan, although Herzl was secular, he leveraged religious sentiment when he realized Jews were unwilling to migrate elsewhere. By invoking the myths of exile and return, he framed Palestine as a holy land eternally gifted by God to His chosen people, from which they would eventually rule the world as they did under David and Solomon. Herzl thus proclaimed that Jews must strive to return to the Holy Land to facilitate the return of the Messiah.[111]

Zionist Justifications for Occupying Palestine

Zionists have advanced several justifications for the occupation of Palestine and the establishment of Israel, including:

  • The Holocaust: The Holocaust—the genocide of six million Jews by Hitler during World War II—is cited as the primary justification for the State of Israel.[112][113] This event led Zionists to claim victimization and demand compensation from the international community. Europeans subsequently supported the establishment of an independent Jewish state as a form of reparation.[114] Some critics challenge the historical documentation, noting discrepancies with German government statistics from 1939 regarding the Jewish population.[115]
  • Voluntary Migration: Zionists argue that Palestinians migrated voluntarily;[116] however, Garaudy cites historians who confirm that Israeli soldiers were ordered to forcibly expel natives using arms and massacres, such as in Deir Yassin. Consequently, Ben-Gurion was dubbed "the Great Expeller."[117]
  • "A Land Without a People": The slogan "a land without a people for a people without a land" asserted that Palestine was uninhabited or lacked a national identity.[118] Garaudy contends that to sustain this narrative, hundreds of villages were destroyed and erased from the map, and hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were expelled.[119] Critics regard this slogan as a fabrication[120] and evidence of Zionism's racist approach.[121]

Consequences of the Occupation of Palestine

The occupation has had profound repercussions within Palestine and the wider Muslim world, leading to the formation of the Axis of Resistance, the outbreak of Intifadas, and global protests.

Killing and Displacement of Palestinian People

Since the 1948 occupation, Israeli actions have resulted in significant loss of life and the displacement of vast numbers of Palestinians into neighboring countries.

Casualties

Main article: List of Israeli massacres

Throughout the occupation, Israel has conducted numerous military operations and massacres, including those at Deir Yassin, Khan Yunis, Kafr Qasim, and Gaza.[122] During the 1948 Nakba War, approximately 15,000 Palestinians were killed.[123] More recently, Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip following Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023, have resulted in over 18,000 deaths.[124]

The Palestinian Information Center reports that between 1948 and 2023, more than 100,000 Palestinians have been killed.[125]

Refugees

Estimates of the number of Palestinian refugees following the 1948 war vary, ranging from 500,000[126] to 750,000[127] or 900,000.[128] During the 1967 War, over 400,000 were displaced,[129] with some figures suggesting up to one million.[130] Additionally, the 1978 Israeli invasion of Lebanon displaced 65,000 refugees,[131] while the 1982 invasion (Operation Peace for Galilee) displaced another 15,000.[132]

Following Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip in 2023, the UNRWA reported that approximately 1.9 million Palestinians (85% of Gaza's population) were displaced.[133]

By 2020, UNRWA registered 6.4 million Palestinian refugees living in camps across Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, the West Bank, and Gaza; however, the actual number is believed to be higher due to unregistered refugees.[134]

Uprising and Intifada of Palestinian People

The Palestinian people have repeatedly risen against the occupation, notably following the 1967 occupation of Quds. Major uprisings include the Quds Uprising and Land Day Uprising in 1976, and the Tunnel Uprising in 1996.[135] These struggles evolved into three major Intifadas: The First Intifada (Intifada of Stones, 1987–1993); the Second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada, 2000–2005); and the Third Intifada (Quds Intifada), which began in October 2015 and continues.[136]

Formation of Axis of Resistance

Main articles: Axis of Resistance, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hamas, and Amal Movement

In response to the occupation, various organizations were established to liberate Palestinian territories. These include the Fatah Movement (1959),[137] the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1964),[138] the Islamic Jihad Movement (1979),[139] and the Hamas Movement (1987).[140]

Demonstrations of people of Yemen on Quds Day.

Quds Day and Protest Demonstrations in the World

Main article: International Quds Day

On August 7, 1979, Imam Khomeini designated the last Friday of Ramadan as Quds Day, urging the world's Muslims and Islamic governments to unite in cutting off the hand of Israel and its supporters.[141] Every year, Muslims and non-Muslims across numerous countries demonstrate on this day to support Palestine and protest the Israeli occupation.[142]

Numerous conferences have been held globally to condemn the occupation, including the International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Intifada (held six times in Iran),[143] the Nida al-Aqsa Conference in Karbala,[144] and the Conference in Support of the Palestine Issue in Islamabad, Pakistan.[145]

Issuance of International Resolutions Condemning Israel

Between 1948 and 2016, the UN Security Council adopted over 102 resolutions condemning Israel, while the UN Human Rights Council passed 104 such resolutions between 2006 and 2023.[146] Key resolutions include:

  • Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967): Called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied in 1967.[147]
  • Resolution 3236 (November 22, 1974): Affirmed the Palestinian right to self-determination and the right of refugees to return; however, Israel has violated these terms.[148]
  • Security Council Resolution 2334 (December 23, 2016): Condemned Israeli settlements in occupied territories as a flagrant violation of international law.[149]

On July 19, 2024, the International Court of Justice declared Israel's occupation unlawful, demanding an immediate halt to settlement construction and an end to the occupation.[150]

Sayyid Ali Khamenei

"Today, the trick of the Zionists and their supporters... is to use the beautiful name of peace... Peace is a very good thing; but peace where and with whom!? Someone has entered your house... insulted your family and children and out of three rooms you have, has taken two and a half... then says why do you complain... and fight and oppose for no reason; let's make peace together. Did this become peace!? Peace is that you go out of the house [Palestine]; if we had a war, then they come and make peace between us."[151]

Solutions to the Issue of Occupation of Palestine

Since the occupation began, various peace initiatives have been pursued by Israel, Palestinian institutions, and international bodies. These include the Camp David Accords (1978), the Madrid Peace Conference (1991), the Oslo I (1993) and Oslo II (1995) Accords, the Wye River Memorandum (1998),[152] the Camp David II Summit (2000), the Arab Peace Initiative (2002), the Annapolis Conference (2007),[153] and the "Deal of the Century" proposed by the US in 2020.[154]

It is reported that offers regarding land returns have progressively diminished: at Madrid (1991), promises were made to return 100% of the West Bank and Gaza; this decreased to 90% at Oslo, 40% at Wye River, 18% at Sharm el-Sheikh, and 13.5% at Camp David II (2000).[155]

Sayyid 'Ali Khamene'i, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, asserts that the only logical solution is a referendum consulting all rightful owners of the land—Muslims, Christians, and Jews, along with refugees—to determine the country's political system and the status of immigrants.[156] He has dismissed Western solutions as failures[157] due to Israel's non-adherence to human values and international law.[158] Consequently, he rejects any plan leading to the partition of Palestine, including the two-state solution.[159]

  • News of the beginning of the Six-Day War between Arabs and Israel in 1967. Ettela'at Newspaper.
    News of the beginning of the Six-Day War between Arabs and Israel in 1967. Ettela'at Newspaper.
  • Camp of displaced Palestinians near Damascus, 1967.
    Camp of displaced Palestinians near Damascus, 1967.
  • Oslo I Accord in Washington, September 13, 1993. From right: Yasser Arafat, Bill Clinton, and Yitzhak Rabin.
    Oslo I Accord in Washington, September 13, 1993. From right: Yasser Arafat, Bill Clinton, and Yitzhak Rabin.
  • Poster of the documentary "Occupation 101" regarding the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (2006).
    Poster of the documentary "Occupation 101" regarding the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (2006).

Notes

  1. ↑ See: Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, p. 47.
  2. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, p. 41; Tawānā, "Palestine, the Wounded Heart of the Islamic Ummah", Ava Press.
  3. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, pp. 37, 43; "Why is Palestine the First Issue of the Muslim World?", Mizan News Agency; "Palestine and the Liberation of Quds is the First Priority of the Muslim World", Tasnim News Agency.
  4. ↑ "Palestine from the Viewpoint of Imam Khomeini", Imam Khomeini Portal; Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, pp. 37-43.
  5. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, pp. 40-42, 51-53.
  6. ↑ Bāghcheghī, "Shi'a Marja's in the Front Line of Defense of Palestine", Official Portal of Baqir al-Uloom Research Institute.
  7. ↑ Pākniyā Tabrīzī, "Shi'a Scholars and the Defense of Noble Quds", p. 163.
  8. ↑ See: Pākniyā Tabrīzī, "Shi'a Scholars and the Defense of Noble Quds", pp. 165-175; Bāghcheghī, "Shi'a Marja's in the Front Line of Defense of Palestine", Official Portal of Baqir al-Uloom Research Institute; Raḍawī, "Shi'a Scholars and Fiqhi and Political Support for Palestine", Hawzah Information Base.
  9. ↑ Munīrī, "The First Encounter of Shi'a Scholars with Zionism", Website of the 100th Anniversary of the Re-establishment of Qom Seminary.
  10. ↑ Munīrī, "The First Encounter of Shi'a Scholars with Zionism", Website of the 100th Anniversary of the Re-establishment of Qom Seminary; Pākniyā Tabrīzī, "Shi'a Scholars and the Defense of Noble Quds", p. 166.
  11. ↑ Sarḥadī, "Scholars Who Reacted to the Palestine Issue", Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies.
  12. ↑ Pākniyā Tabrīzī, "Shi'a Scholars and the Defense of Noble Quds", p. 173.
  13. ↑ Khumaynī, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām, 1389Sh, vol. 2, p. 139.
  14. ↑ Muḥtashamī-pūr, "A Review of the Formation of the Quds Occupying Regime", p. 122.
  15. ↑ Muḥtashamī-pūr, "A Review of the Formation of the Quds Occupying Regime", p. 124.
  16. ↑ Khumaynī, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām, 1389Sh, vol. 2, p. 201.
  17. ↑ Muṭahharī, Majmūʿa-ye Āthār, 1376Sh, vol. 17, pp. 291-292.
  18. ↑ "Statements at the 6th International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Intifada", Information Base of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei.
  19. ↑ For example see: Khumaynī, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām, 1389Sh, vol. 15, pp. 151, 154, 160, 162; vol. 16, p. 399; Muḥtashamī-pūr, "A Review of the Formation of the Quds Occupying Regime", pp. 100, 116, 122.
  20. ↑ The British Mandate for Palestine was announced at the League of Nations on July 6, 1921; approved on July 24, 1922; and implemented on September 29, 1923 (Sajjādī, Paydāyish wa Tadāwum-e Zionism, 1386Sh, p. 53). The Mandate document states that the mandatory government is obliged to pave the way for the formation of a Jewish national home and provide all the necessities for Jews to reach the national home. (Zuʿaytir, Sarguzasht-e Filasṭīn, 1362Sh, pp. 131-132).
  21. ↑ "Has the Separation Wall Guaranteed the Security of Zionists?", Islamic Republic News Agency.
  22. ↑ See: Naṣīrī Ḥāmid, "Rothschild, Family", pp. 410-412.
  23. ↑ Sajjādī, Paydāyish wa Tadāwum-e Zionism, 1386Sh, p. 24.
  24. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, pp. 45-46.
  25. ↑ Naṣīrī Ḥāmid, "Rothschild, Family", p. 410.
  26. ↑ Naṣīrī Ḥāmid, "Rothschild, Family", p. 410.
  27. ↑ Al-Missīrī, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Yahūd, Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1383Sh, vol. 6, p. 201.
  28. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, pp. 269-270.
  29. ↑ Khalidi, "Palestine", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  30. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 83-84.
  31. ↑ "Nakba Day and Crimes of Zionists from 1948 to Now", Fars News Agency.
  32. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 258; Naṣīrī Ḥāmid, "Rothschild, Family", p. 411.
  33. ↑ Sajjādī, Paydāyish wa Tadāwum-e Zionism, 1386Sh, p. 47; Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 258.
  34. ↑ Natsha and others, Tārīkh Filasṭīn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Muʿāṣir, 1412AH, p. 13; Khalidi, "Palestine", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  35. ↑ Sajjādī, Paydāyish wa Tadāwum-e Zionism, 1386Sh, p. 50.
  36. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 259.
  37. ↑ See: Khalidi, "Palestine", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  38. ↑ Natsha and others, Tārīkh Filasṭīn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Muʿāṣir, 1412AH, pp. 13-14.
  39. ↑ Zīdābādī, Dīn wa Dawlat dar Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 127-128.
  40. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 260; Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", pp. 1015-1018.
  41. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 260.
  42. ↑ Natsha and others, Tārīkh Filasṭīn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Muʿāṣir, 1412AH, p. 9.
  43. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", p. 1017.
  44. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", p. 1017.
  45. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 260.
  46. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", pp. 1023-1025.
  47. ↑ Al-Missīrī, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Yahūd, Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1383Sh, vol. 6, p. 59.
  48. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 260.
  49. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", pp. 1018-1023.
  50. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 176.
  51. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 99.
  52. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 99.
  53. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 103.
  54. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 106.
  55. ↑ Jūdakī and Fallāhī Sayf al-Dīn, "Explanation of Conflict Axes between Palestine and Israel", p. 42.
  56. ↑ Zuʿaytir, Sarguzasht-e Filasṭīn, 1362Sh, pp. 141-145.
  57. ↑ See: Zuʿaytir, Sarguzasht-e Filasṭīn, 1362Sh, pp. 159-162.
  58. ↑ Jūdakī and Fallāhī Sayf al-Dīn, "Explanation of Conflict Axes between Palestine and Israel", p. 42.
  59. ↑ Jūdakī and Fallāhī Sayf al-Dīn, "Explanation of Conflict Axes between Palestine and Israel", p. 42.
  60. ↑ See: Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 108-128.
  61. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 186; Dehqānī Pūdeh, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", p. 1027; "Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?", Al Jazeera Media Network.
  62. ↑ Zīdābādī, Dīn wa Dawlat dar Israel, 1381Sh, p. 128.
  63. ↑ Fīrūzābādī, Kashf al-Asrār Zionism, 1393Sh, p. 29.
  64. ↑ Zīdābādī, Dīn wa Dawlat dar Israel, 1381Sh, p. 128; Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 186; Sicherman and others, "Israel", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  65. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 261.
  66. ↑ "Nakba Day and Crimes of Zionists from 1948 to Now", Fars News Agency.
  67. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 199; Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 187.
  68. ↑ "Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?", Al Jazeera Media Network.
  69. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 201; Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 202; "Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?", Al Jazeera Media Network.
  70. ↑ Zīdābādī, Dīn wa Dawlat dar Israel, 1381Sh, p. 128.
  71. ↑ Zīdābādī, Dīn wa Dawlat dar Israel, 1381Sh, p. 128.
  72. ↑ "Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?", Al Jazeera Media Network; "Demonstrations of Palestinian People on the Occasion of Nakba Day", Anadolu Agency.
  73. ↑ Gordon and Others, "Jerusalem", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  74. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", p. 6.
  75. ↑ Natsha and others, Tārīkh Filasṭīn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Muʿāṣir, 1412AH, p. 9.
  76. ↑ Natsha and others, Tārīkh Filasṭīn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Muʿāṣir, 1412AH, p. 9.
  77. ↑ Ashly and Hefawi, "Nakba: ‘It remains bitter and continues to burn’", Al Jazeera Media Network; "Demonstrations of Palestinian People on the Occasion of Nakba Day", Anadolu Agency.
  78. ↑ Chomsky, Muthallath-e Sarnevesht-sāz, 1369Sh, p. 130.
  79. ↑ See: Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 149-151.
  80. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 208; Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 205.
  81. ↑ Sicherman and others, "Israel", Encyclopaedia Britannica; Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 209.
  82. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", p. 5.
  83. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 209.
  84. ↑ Sicherman and others, "Israel", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  85. ↑ "Oslo Accords and its Bitter Achievements for Palestine", Al-Alam News Network.
  86. ↑ "Map of Palestine and Area of Gaza", Al-Alam News Network; "75 Years Passed Since the Nakba Catastrophe (Occupation of Palestine)", The Palestinian Information Center.
  87. ↑ Jūdakī and Fallāhī Sayf al-Dīn, "Explanation of Conflict Axes between Palestine and Israel", p. 44.
  88. ↑ "Map of Palestine and Area of Gaza", Al-Alam News Network.
  89. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", p. 2.
  90. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 180-183.
  91. ↑ Taqī-zādeh, "Settlement Constructions in Palestinian Areas and Continued Occupation", IRIB News Agency.
  92. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 181.
  93. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", p. 3.
  94. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", pp. 5-7.
  95. ↑ "Jewish Settlements; Name of 56 Years of Usurpation and Violence in Palestinian Lands", Anadolu Agency.
  96. ↑ Dehqānī, "Continued Occupation with Settlement Construction: Nature of Zionist Regime of Israel", p. 8.
  97. ↑ Sicherman and others, "Israel", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  98. ↑ "UN Special Envoy: Called Facilitation of Settlements in West Bank a Violation of International Regulations", Euronews; "UN Secretary-General Demanded End to Illegitimate Israeli Settlements in Occupied Palestinian Territories", Euronews.
  99. ↑ "Israel Seeks to Complete Separation Wall, Despite International Objections", Euronews; "Has the Separation Wall Guaranteed the Security of Zionists?", Islamic Republic News Agency.
  100. ↑ "Has the Separation Wall Guaranteed the Security of Zionists?", Islamic Republic News Agency.
  101. ↑ Sicherman and others, "Israel", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  102. ↑ "Israel Seeks to Complete Separation Wall, Despite International Objections", Euronews.
  103. ↑ "How did the Zionists' Dream of Establishing Greater Israel Go with the Wind?", Fars News Agency; Khumaynī, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām, 1389Sh, vol. 21, p. 398, second footnote.
  104. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 256.
  105. ↑ Shahak, Dawlat-e Nezhād-parast-e Israel, 1380Sh, pp. 37-38.
  106. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 42.
  107. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 41.
  108. ↑ Shahak, Dawlat-e Nezhād-parast-e Israel, 1380Sh, pp. 34-37.
  109. ↑ Fīrūzābādī, Kashf al-Asrār Zionism, 1393Sh, p. 25; Sajjādī, Paydāyish wa Tadāwum-e Zionism, 1386Sh, p. 45.
  110. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 41.
  111. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, pp. 46-47.
  112. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 76.
  113. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, p. 297.
  114. ↑ Fīrūzābādī, Kashf al-Asrār Zionism, 1393Sh, p. 28.
  115. ↑ Suwaydān, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1391Sh, pp. 297-298.
  116. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, pp. 37, 87.
  117. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, pp. 37, 87.
  118. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 37.
  119. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, pp. 37-38.
  120. ↑ Garaudy, Muḥākeme-ye Zionism Israel, 1384Sh, p. 86.
  121. ↑ Al-Missīrī, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Yahūd, Yahūdiyyat wa Zionism, 1383Sh, vol. 6, p. 13.
  122. ↑ For example see: "Heavy File of Israeli Army Crimes", Mehr News Agency; "Rape of Women Before Husbands in Public/Massacre of Citizens of a Village and Mutilation of Corpses/Killing Children with Batons", Mashregh News Agency.
  123. ↑ "Demonstrations of Palestinian People on the Occasion of Nakba Day", Anadolu Agency.
  124. ↑ "Israel Destroyed More than 305,000 Houses in Gaza", Al Jazeera Agency.
  125. ↑ "75 Years Passed Since the Nakba Catastrophe (Occupation of Palestine)", The Palestinian Information Center.
  126. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 201.
  127. ↑ Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?]", Al Jazeera Media Network.
  128. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 202.
  129. ↑ Chomsky, Muthallath-e Sarnevesht-sāz, 1369Sh, p. 125; Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 222.
  130. ↑ Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, p. 209.
  131. ↑ "From Operation Peace for Galilee and Formation of Hezbollah to Grapes of Wrath", Tasnim News Agency.
  132. ↑ "From Operation Peace for Galilee and Formation of Hezbollah to Grapes of Wrath", Tasnim News Agency.
  133. ↑ "UNRWA: 2023 Was the Bloodiest Year for Palestinians in the West Bank", Anadolu Agency.
  134. ↑ "75 Years Passed Since the Nakba Catastrophe (Occupation of Palestine)", The Palestinian Information Center.
  135. ↑ "Review of History of Popular Struggles of Palestine from 1967 to 2022", Website of Islamic Revolution Document Center.
  136. ↑ "Review of History of Popular Struggles of Palestine from 1967 to 2022", Website of Islamic Revolution Document Center.
  137. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 210; "Fatah Movement: Most Important Political and Military Organization of Palestine with Goal of Liberating this Country", Holy Defense News Agency.
  138. ↑ Kaffāsh and others, Dāyirat al-Maʿārif-e Muṣawwar-e Tārīkh-e Filasṭīn, 1392Sh, p. 212.
  139. ↑ Mālikī and Rashīdī, "Islamic Jihad, Movement", p. 437.
  140. ↑ Mālikī, "Hamas, Movement", pp. 79-80.
  141. ↑ Khumaynī, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām, 1389Sh, vol. 9, p. 267.
  142. ↑ For example see: "The World and International Quds Day", Tasnim News Agency.
  143. ↑ "A Look at Five Terms of Conference in Support of Palestinian Intifada", IRIB News Agency.
  144. ↑ "Holding Conference in Support of Palestine in Karbala", Al-Alam News Network.
  145. ↑ "Al-Alam Report from Conference in Support of Palestine Issue in Islamabad", Al-Alam News Network.
  146. ↑ See: "A Look at Crimes of Zionist Regime in Past 86 Years", Fars News Agency.
  147. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", p. 1029.
  148. ↑ "Israel and Violation of International Resolutions Regarding Return of Palestinian Refugees", Mehr News Agency.
  149. ↑ "Resolution 2231 and Other Security Council Resolutions violated by Trump Administration", Alef News Analysis Website.
  150. ↑ "International Court of Justice Called Occupation of Palestinian Territories by Israel Illegal", BBC Persian.
  151. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, p. 125.
  152. ↑ See: Ṣafātāj, Mājarā-ye Filasṭīn wa Israel, 1381Sh, pp. 317-331.
  153. ↑ "Process of Middle East Peace Negotiations from 1967 until Now", BBC Persian.
  154. ↑ "Trump: Deal of the Century is a Win-Win Plan; Palestinians Form Independent State", BBC.
  155. ↑ Dehqānī, "Resolution of Partition of Palestine: Basis of Two-State Solution and Criterion for Referendum Solution", p. 1029.
  156. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, pp. 508-517.
  157. ↑ Khāmeneʾī, Filasṭīn, 1397Sh, p. 517.
  158. ↑ "How is Elimination of Israel Realized?", Information Base of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei.
  159. ↑ "Statements at Conference in Support of Palestinian Intifada", Information Base of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei.

References

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